Ua lag luam - nws tsis yog li ntawd ib qho ancient hauj lwm uas ua ib tug neeg yos hav, tab sis tseem heev ib tug laus profession nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm ua lag ua luam, xws li kev ua ub no aimed ntawm systematically profit los ntawm cov lag luam tawm.
Tus ncej txheem
Rus tub txawj tub ntse twb nyob rau hauv lub IX xyoo pua. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, lub xeev txhab muaj mas vim tribute levied rau lub kov yeej haiv neeg. Qhov thib ob tsab xov xwm trading nyiaj khwv tau los. Nws tseem yog lub engine ntawm kev kawm. Lub zos tau ua mas raws dej ntws, tau txais kev pab raws li lag luam tseem khiav. Raws li ntaub ntawv keeb kwm Scythians muaj tsis muaj lwm yam kev. Nqaum lub zos los ua thawj kav khw chaw zov me nyuam, thiab ces khoom siv tes ua tsim nyob rau hauv lawv. Nyob rau hauv ancient Rus 'ua lag luam - nws tsis yog cia li ib tug tub luam. Athanasius Nikitin, ib tug monument uas yog ntsia tau rau hauv Tver, nyob rau hauv nws teb koj chaw, thiab yog ib tug zoo traveler, uas tau ploj mus "Beyond Peb Seas" thiab cov discoverer, thiab diplomat. Ib tug nto moo legendary Novgorod merchant Sadko thiab siv mus rau hauv qab ntawm lub hiav txwv.
luam tseem khiav
Tsaug rau ntshe thiab nws cov neeg sawv cev tub txawj tub ntse nyob sab xws zoo luam kev, raws li "los ntawm lub Vikings rau lub Greeks", "Great Txhob lo lo ntxhuav kev", uas yog hu ua tus "kev tshuam ntawm civilizations", "Kab lig ntuj", tus naas ej "Xyab lawv", hla lub Arabian ceg av qab teb, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Lavxias teb sab tub txawj tub ntse twb princes, yuam kom ua cas tau tshem ntawm tshaj tej yam ntuj tso khoom plig los yog mus rau txuag tau nyiaj, siv rau txawv teb chaws curiosities. Ua lag luam - uas cov thawj ntawm informant nyob rau hauv cov hnub, "Okay eh txawv teb chaws il phem? Thiab yog dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm ib tug txuj ci tseem ceeb? "- pom tau hais tias tsuas yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no multifaceted profession.
Peter tus kho kov tag nrho cov
Cov kev ua no yog ib tug hwm ua lag luam yog ib qho tseem ceeb qub txeeg qub tes ntawm txhua lub sij hawm. Nyob rau coj mus muag enterprise Lavxias teb sab legends. Laus merchant tsev feem ntau tuaj rau cov kev pab ntawm lub xeev. Lub richest Stroganovs sab tshiab pawg neeg thaj av, tsim kom muaj factories, tsa lub tuam tsev. Ib txhia keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb hais tias Peter Kuv yeej lub tub txawj tub ntse, tua ntau ntau yam ntawm Lavxias teb sab crafts, hlub thiab txhawb tub txawj tub ntse. Tus huab tais ua kho, ua rau cov laus daim ntawv ntawm cov tub txawj tub ntse 'lub koom haum "pua pua" tau abolished, thiab lawv tau hloov los ntawm lub guild. Lawv zoo los yog phem, tab sis cov neeg ua lag luam twb tsis poob.
Nplua nuj thiab zoo
Tub txawj tub ntse tsim thiab tau zog, qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv dosluzhivalis ua ntej muab lawv rau cov nom tswv cajceg rau tshwj xeeb Merit. Piv txwv li, Rukovishnikova. Moscow dynasty nrhiav tau ib tug noble tsev neeg, thiab Ivan Vasilyevich (1843-1901) Rose mus rau qib ntawm privy Councillor. Novgorod dynasty, uas tus txhim tsa yog resourceful liaj ua teb, twb nyob rau hauv lub thib peb tiam pib mus rau lub sab sauv chav kawm ntawv. Lub motto ntawm cov tsev neeg no yog cov lus "cov neeg raug thiab saib xyuas." Ib yam yuav hais tau ntawm zoo heev tooj ntawm Lavxias teb sab businessmen. Nyob rau hauv no tshwj xeeb mentality ntawm cov domestic tub luam. Lavxias teb sab ua lag luam - nyob rau hauv feem ntau qhov tus siab zoo thiab patron. Lub npe ntawm cov biggest patrons, tub txawj tub ntse, nco, tshuav lawv ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm. Leej twg tsis paub lub lag luam Tretyakov, qhov tus tsim ntawm ib daim duab gallery nyob rau hauv nws lub npe. Neeg twg uas yog txawm ib nyuag paub nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm Russia, paub cov npe thiab deeds ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv - Mammoth thiab Morozov (legendary Savva Morozov) Naydenova thiab Botkins, Shchukin thiab Prokhorov. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsev kho mob, kev siab hlub tsev, theaters thiab cov tsev qiv ntawv tau ua nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tub txawj tub ntse cov nyiaj.
Dluab ntawm lub zoo thiab tsis zoo
Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv es tsis zoo daim duab ntawm lub lag luam. Muaj ntau plays los ntawm Ostrovsky luag thuam ua lag luam ib puag ncig, thiab cov ua lag luam - nws yog ib tug es cunning neeg siab tsis ncaj tshaj kawm ntawv lub siab dawb siab txiv neej. Kustodievskie tub txawj tub ntse thiab ua lag luam epitomize dab tsi derisively hu ua "ua lag luam saj." Yuav kom ntxiv ib tug tsis zoo daim duab ntawm cov yam ntxwv txheeb xyuas thiab neeg txawv teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, peb nco ntsoov tias lub Lavxias teb sab, ntawm uas neeg txawv teb chaws teb zoo, ua heev me ntsis. Lawv lub tswv yim yuav tsum tsis txhob raug txim. Muaj ntau nto moo sau ntawv ua kev lom zem ntawm tub txawj tub ntse. Tab sis Kalashnikov Lermontov zoo heev. Nws feeb meej qhov zoo tshaj plaws nta ntawm lub tub txawj tub ntse - ua siab ncaj, ntseeg, siab loj, thiab zoo siab muab lawv lub neej rau qhov zoo npe ntawm ib tug neeg hlub ib tug. Muaj, ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv no ib puag ncig, thiab charlatans. Thiab cov ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv uas lawv ua tsis tau? Thiab ces, cov tub luam, raws li sau tseg saum toj no, raug muab faib los ntawm lub guild. Los ntawm "peb" yuav muaj xws li tej irresponsible cov neeg uas muaj me me capital (500 rubles). Tab sis muaj myiaj Lavxias teb sab tub txawj tub ntse nyob rau hauv qhov pom ntawm tag nrho cov, xav txog lawv cov hom, feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj me ntsis hais tias ua tib zoo thiab ncaj ncees, thiab fanatically cov neeg ncaj ncees. "Lo lus ua lag luam" - tsis yog ib tug dab neeg. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tsis yog txhua txhua muas yog xaus xwb hais lus. Tab sis qhov no lo lus ntawm lub lag luam kom ib tug nruj, txwv tsis pub nws tsis ua ib tug dab neeg nyob rau hauv lub zoo siab ntawm lo lus.