Tsis pes tsawg: lub keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations thiab daim ntawv thov ntawm yuav tsum muaj

Physical tswvyim ntawm "tsis xoom" yog yuav niaj hnub science yog qho tseem ceeb heev: nws yog zoo txuas nrog ib lub tswvyim xws li superconductivity, cov lus qhib ntawm uas tsim ib tug furor nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo.

Yuav kom to taub li cas yog tsis pes tsawg, xa mus rau tej hauj lwm ntawm tej nto moo physicists, raws li G. Fahrenheit, Celsius, A., J. Gay-Lussac thiab William Thomson. Lawv ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov creation siv kom txog thaum uas tam sim no lub ntsiab kub dos.

Thawj nws kub scale npaj nyob rau hauv 1714, German physicist G. Fahrenheit. Yog li rau tsis pes tsawg, uas yog, tus nqi qis tshaj taw tes ntawm lub scale, kub ntawm sib tov twb npaum li cas, uas muaj cov daus thiab ammonia. Cov tom ntej no tseem ceeb yog tus qub tib neeg lub cev kub, uas yog sib npaug zos rau 1000 tauj Raws li, txhua division ntawm lub scale yog hu ua "degrees Fahrenheit" thiab cov teev nws tus kheej - "Fahrenheit."

Tom qab 30 xyoo Swedish astronomer A. Celsius npaj ib tug kub scale qhov twg yooj yim dots ua dej khov melting kub thiab cov kub point ntawm cov dej. Qhov no scale lub npe hu ua "Celsius", nws yog tseem nrov nyob rau hauv feem ntau lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, xws li nyob rau hauv Russia.

Nyob rau hauv lub 1802 xyoo, swiping nws nto moo thwmsim, lub Fabkis tus paub txog J. Gay Lussac pom hais tias lub ntim loj ntawm cov roj rau ntawm qhov siab yog ncaj qha nyob rau hauv lub kub. Tab sis qhov tseem nthuav yog qhov tseeb hais tias thaum lub kub yog 10 centigrade, tus nqi ntawm cov roj qab los decreases los ntawm tib lub npaum li cas. Ua tsim nyog suav, Gay-Lussac pom hais tias qhov no tus nqi yog sib npaug zos rau 1/273 ntawm qhov ntim ntawm roj kub ntawm 0C.

Los ntawm txoj kev cai no raws li lub xaus yog hais tias qhov kub thiab txias yog sib npaug zos rau -2730S yog tus nqi qis tshaj kub, txawm los mus rau ib tug nyob ze, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom ua tau. Nws yog qhov no kub yog hu ua "tsis pes tsawg."

Ntxiv mus, lub meej pes tsawg yog cov pib taw tes rau tsim lub meej kub scale, active kev koom tes nyob rau hauv uas coj lub British physicist William Thomson, kuj hu ua tus Tswv Kelvin.

Nws thawj kev tshawb fawb kev txhawj xeeb hauv lub pov thawj hais tias tsis muaj lub cev nyob rau hauv cov xwm, tsis tau txias qis dua tsis pes tsawg. Txawm li cas los, nws tau siv lub thib ob txoj cai ntawm thermodynamics, yog li ntawd, ua tswvcuab lawv nyob rau hauv 1848, lub meej kub scale lub npe hu ua thermodynamic los yog "Kelvin scale."

Nyob rau hauv cov nram no xyoo thiab xyoo lawm nws coj qhov chaw tsuas muaj ib txog zauv specification ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm "tsis pes tsawg", uas tom qab heev heev approvals mas suav hais tias muaj vaj huam sib -273,150S.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tsis pes tsawg plays ib tug tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub SI system. Qhov no yog hais tias nyob rau hauv 1960, nyob rau lub tom ntej no Tuam Rooj Sab Laj rau tes taw hnyav li thiab ntsuas Unit ntawm thermodynamic kub - Kelvin - los ua ib tug ntawm rau lub ntsiab units ntawm kev ntsuas. Yog li no stipulated hais tias ib tug degree Kelvin txaus sib npaug zos rau ib tug degree ntawm Celsius, tsuas yog hais tias lub "Kelvin" siv taw tes yog hais tias yuav tsis pes tsawg, i.e. -273,150S.

Basic lub cev kev txiav txim zoo ntawm meej pes tsawg muaj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias, raws li qhov yooj yim cov kev cai ntawm physics, nyob rau ntawm no kub lub zog ntawm cov lus tsa suab ntawm lub elementary hais xws li atoms thiab molecules yog sib npaug zos rau zero, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no kom txhob random suab ntawm cov tib hais. Thaum ib tug kub ntawm tsis pes tsawg, atoms thiab molecules tau coj ib tug ntshiab txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo, txoj kev ua kom system.

Tam sim no, siv tshwj xeeb cov cuab yeej, cov soj ntsuam ntawm twb tau mus tau qhov kub ntawm xwb ib ob peb ppm siab tshaj tsis pes tsawg. Mus cuag no tib magnitude lub cev tsis yooj yim sua vim lub saum toj no-piav ob txoj cai ntawm thermodynamics.