TsimSecondary kev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv

Tshuaj evolution: cov theem thiab essence

Hloov siab los ntseeg twb tiav science Science News for KIDS nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua tshuaj evolution, thiab cov raws taw tes rau hauv lub revolutionary txheej txheem tshwm sim tom qab creation nyob rau hauv 1777 los ntawm qhov Fabkis ntuj paub txog Lavoisier combustion kev tshawb xav piav txog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov pa. Ces pib ib tug saib xyuas ntawm tag nrho cov siv tswv yim thiab yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Science News for KIDS, tau hloov lub terminology thiab nomenclature ntawm tshuaj.

elementary kawg

Xyoo 1789 pom qhov kev tso tawm ntawm ib phau ntawv Lavoisier, tam sim ntawd los ua ib tug tseem ceeb siv rau kev soj ntsuam thiab cov kws ntawm science yug. Lub "elementary Science News for KIDS kawg" lawm tus thawj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no daim ntawv teev - Table of yooj yim lub cev, sau lub npe hu tshuaj ntsiab. Lub hauv paus ntawm no tome Lavoisier dag precisely oxygen kev tshawb xav ntawm combustion, uas cov tshuaj evolution qhia los ntawm ib tug kiag li txoj kev tshiab. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj lub caij nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab txhais ntawm - kev, uas yog dab tsi ib tus paub txog thiab raug xaiv lub ntsiab txog kev paub, thiab txhua yam uas yog tsis paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm kev, xws li ib tug atomic los yog molecular qauv, Lavoisier tsis tau suav hais tias.

Tshuaj evolution tau ncaim mus rau cov kev cai nws formulated - kev txuag cov loj, txog qhov xwm ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaw, lawv sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub elemental muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws yog ces hais tias Science News for KIDS tau los ua ib tug science ntawm nws tus kheej, kev kawm nyob tus yeees ntawm lub cev experimentally. Kuv yuav tsis ua yam uas tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg evolution ntawm lub kev xav ntawm cov kev kawm, thiab yog li, tib neeg thaum kawg uas lub alchemical yav dhau los, raws li cov tswv yim hais txog qhov xwm ntawm teeb meem thiab nws cov khoom hloov ruaj thiab sai sai. Tab sis lub impetus rau tus txheej txheem no tau txais kev pab Lavoisier kev tshawb fawb. Tam sim no, txawm schoolchildren paub tias cov theem ntawm tshuaj evolution (los yog prebiotic evolution) yuav tsum raug xam tias yog los ntawm lub sij hawm uas preceded lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua, xws conceptions ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tsis muaj ib tug tau puas tau.

lub neej

Tshuaj evolution pib nyob rau lub ntiaj teb kiag li tsis muaj sia ntiaj chaw thaum lub organic yam khoom uas yog maj mam pib mam li tawm inorganic molecules, uas uas muaj feem xyuam rau lub zog thiab xaiv yam. Unfolding dab ntawm nws tus kheej lub koom haum, uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txawm kuj complex systems. Yog li, cov pa roj carbon rau lub ntiaj teb nyob. Es, muaj carbonaceous thawj molecule ntawm yuav tsum muaj qhov tseem ceeb xwb tsis rau tsos tab sis kuj rau ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov nyob teeb meem.

Peb tsis paub kom deb li deb, dab tsi yog qhov essence of tshuaj evolution nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm lub neej. Cov paub Science News for KIDS ntawm tej tshuaj txwv evolutionary txheej txheem ib thaj tsam aqueous carbon postulate. Tej zaum, nyob rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb muaj kev xaiv lwm hom ntawm cov hav zoov nyob muaj teeb meem thiab lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm peb protein - tsis yog "txoj kev tawm". Muaj yog pom tau hais thaum lawv tseem cim ntawm polymer khoom uas carbon depolarizing thaj chaw ntawm lub aqueous nrab nyob rau hauv cov kua theem. Cov mob kuj txaus los mus pib lub tshuaj evolution ntawm lub neej thiab qhov yuav tsum tau rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov npe hu rau peb ntau yam ntawm lub neej cov ntaub ntawv.

Pib tus txheej txheem

Tib neeg txawm ntawm nws tus kheej menyuam txaj tsis paub tag nrho. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog qhov twg thiab thaum mus pib lub theem ntawm cov tshuaj evolution rau lub ntiaj teb. Qhov no yog dab tsi peb, dhau lawm, muaj peev xwm tsuas yog twv. Ntawm no, ua ntej, tej zaum yuav muaj kiag li txhua lub sij hawm.

Thaum koj ua tiav qhov thib ob lub voj voog ntawm lub hnub qub tsim thaum lub condensed khoom ntawm tawg ntawm supernovas, uas tau muab rau interstellar qhov chaw hais hu ua hnyav, uas nws hnyav tshaj nees nkaum-rau. Thaum lub hnub qub nyob rau hauv lub thib ob tiam pom lawv tus kheej planetary systems, qhov twg yuav tsum tau hnyav ntsiab tau ib tug txaus tus nqi. Pom tau hais tus essence ntawm cov tshuaj evolution yuav thaum twg lub sij hawm tom qab lub Big Bang nyob rau hauv ib tug caij nyoog ntawm ib nrab ib tug billion thiab ib tug ib nrab billion xyoo.

Qhov twg lub neej pib

Qhov twg nws yuav tau arisen - kuj yog ib tug qhib lo lus nug. Thaum tsim ntau heev yuav community launch tshuaj ekolyutsii tej yam kev mob yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv zoo yam ib puag ncig. Qhov no subsoil thiab ntiaj teb, thiab qhov tob ntawm tus dej hiav txwv thiab cov qhov chaw, txawm protoplanetary tsim tsis tsim.

Ntxiv mus, huab interstellar roj tseem yuav mus ua ib tug springboard nres rau nyob teeb meem lifeless, thiab nws yog paub tseeb hais tias nyob rau ntawd organic tshuaj kuaj - thiab qab zib alcohols, aldehydes, amino acids, glycine thiab peev xwm pab tau raws li pib cov ntaub ntawv uas rau lub neej los ntawm txoj kev tshuaj evolution pib.

kev tshawb xav

Ancient lub ntiaj teb yuav nws secrets, thiab cov tib neeg tsis tau muaj txhim khu kev qha cov ntaub ntawv txog cov geochemical tej yam kev mob ntawm nws lub neej ua ntej lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lub neej. Geological kev tshawb fawb tej zaum yuav tsis los siav tag nrho cov lus nug, thiab yog li ntawd mus kawm ntawv feem muab kev koom tes astronomy. Yog li ntawd ua ib tug kev tshawb xav ntawm tshuaj evolution. Hnub no lub Venusian thiab Martian tej yam kev mob yog pom tias yuav tsum zoo xws li ntiaj teb nyob rau tej qhov theem ntawm cov tshuaj evolution.

Yuav kom xyaum ua tej yam rau cov qauv thiab li tau tag nrho cov paub yooj yim cov ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, siv simulation ntawm ntau yam tshuaj compositions thiab climatic tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv cov cua, cov hydrosphere, lithosphere complex organic molecules twb tau. Nrhiav tau ntawm tshiab cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev xyaum ua tej yog yeej ib txwm nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho enriches cov kev tshawb xav. Yog li ntawd, nws yog nominated nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm hypotheses txog cov kev mechanisms thiab ncaj qha mus tsav tsheb rog nyob tshuaj evolution.

Kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv Russia

Lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb twb tsim los ntawm abiogenesis, uas yog, cov me nyuam yug ntawm cov organic tebchaw uas nws muaj yog yam ntxwv tsiaj qus tshaj lub cev thiab tsis muaj lub slightest kev koom tes ntawm enzymes. Qhov no yog thawj theem, thaum muaj ib tug nyob ntawm lub uas tsis muaj sia.

Los ntawm hypothesis kawm Oparin nyob rau hauv lub twenties ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua, kev daws teeb meem ntawm high-molecular tebchaw tau tsim tau ib yam cheeb tsam nyob qhov twg lawv concentration yog muaj zog, thiab sib cais los ntawm cov sab nraud puag ncig tsis tiv thaiv kom txhob rau lawv los sib txuas lus nrog nws. Cov chaw no yog hu ua coacervates los yog coacervate ncos.

txawv teb chaws

Keeb kwm abiotic synthesis ua kev nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej thaum ub lub ntiaj teb siv nyob rau hauv 1953 godu Stanley Miller, synthesizing amino acids nrog rau lwm cov organic tshuaj. Tom qab nyob hypercycles kev tshawb xav uas piav txog lub hav zoov ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub tshuaj evolution ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug catalytic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, sib law liag, qhov twg lub yav dhau los cov khoom ua lub hauv paus rau tom ntej no.

Tsuas yog tus thawj "protocell" yog tsim nyob rau hauv 2008 los ntawm American biologist uas los ntawm lub sheath ntawm fatty acids thiab lipids twb tau tau nucleotide monophosphate los ntawm cov ib puag ncig. Cov tshuab txais imidazole "cib" yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub synthesis ntawm DNA. Thiab nyob rau hauv 2011 nyob rau hauv Nyiv tau tsim hlwv nrog DNA ntsiab nyob rau hauv cationic membrane, uas twb tau mus faib, raws li yog polirazmernaya saw tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov replication ntawm DNA.

ntsiab hypotheses

Tshuaj evolution ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb hypothesis piav txog cov nram qab no yooj yim cov ntsiab lus.

  1. Yuav tsum tshwm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb los yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tej yam kev mob, nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog ib qho autocatalytic synthesis ugrerodosoderzhaschih molecules, nrog rau cov synthesis yuav tsum muaj loj tagnrho thiab ib tug txiav txim ntau yam, txaus yuav pib cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj evolution.
  2. Tshwm sim protocellular lug tawm los ntawm lub lwg me me piav saum toj no. Cov ruaj khov kaw aggregates cais los ntawm cov ib puag ncig, lub zog pauv tshuaj thiab kis rau lawv xaiv. Yog li ntawd, protocellular qauv.
  3. Cov tsim units muaj ib tug muaj peev xwm rau nws tus kheej-kev loj hlob - nws tus kheej-replication thiab nws tus kheej-transformation ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj tshuab. Yog li ntawd, yog cov yooj yim units ntawm lub roj ntsha code.
  4. Cov theem tom ntej - lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tsos thiab khiav dej num ntawm enzymes lub thaj chaw ntawm cov nqaijrog nrog RNA thiab DNA li cov ntaub ntawv muaj. Yog li ntawd, yog ua tau raws roj ntsha los code uas yog yuav tsum tau rau lom evolution.

foundations

Raws li hais saum toj no, Alexander Oparin li thaum ntxov raws li lub twenties ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem qhib coacervates. Tom ntej no Stanley Miller thiab Harold Urey nyob rau hauv 1953, piav txog tus rov tshwm sim ntawm lub ancient cua nyob rau hauv simulating yooj yim biomolecules thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv tshwm sim. Tom ntej no Sidney Foks hais lub ntiaj teb no hais txog lub microspheres ntawm protenoidov. Nyob rau hauv 1981, T. thiab S. Ceku Altmane tau mus soj ntsuam cov kev faib ntawm autocatalytic RNA li ribozymes tau mus integrate cov ntaub ntawv thiab catalysis nyob rau hauv lub molecule, "carving tawm" lawv tus kheej los ntawm cov saw hlau thiab txuas lub seem "xaus".

Nyob rau hauv 1986, William Gilbert ntawm Cambridge tsim lub tswv yim ntawm "RNA ntiaj teb", thiab Gunther von Kidrovski los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tau hais tus thawj self-replicating system raws li DNA, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb pab rau qhov kev nkag siab ntawm yus tus kheej-replicating systems thiab lawv txoj kev loj hlob muaj zog. Science tau sai sai ploj mus rau pem hauv ntej nyob rau hauv no cov kev taw qhia: Manfred Eigen qhib hyperframe, cov evolution ntawm lossis ntawm RNA molecules, thiab Yuliy Rebek tsim thawj dag molecule uas nws tus kheej-replicating nyob rau hauv chloroform.

Space & ntiaj teb

Lub chaw davhlau Center ntawm NASA Dzhon Korlis kawm qhov tus me nyuam txheej txheem ntawm lub thermal springs ntawm lub seas zog thiab cov tshuaj uas ua rau cov tshuaj evolution ywj siab ntawm lub chaw ib puag ncig, thiab niaj hnub no lawv yog rau thawj zaug archaebacteria tas mus li vaj tse. Nyob rau hauv lub hlau sulfides ntiaj teb no, ib tug xov tooj ntawm hypotheses Gunter Vehterskhoyzera.

Nws piav txog tus thawj self-replicating lug metabolism tshwm sim los rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm pyrite (hlau sulfide), uas tau muab lub zog tsim nyog rau sib tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev xaiv loj hlob thiab lwj pyrite muaju yuav loj hlob thiab muaj me tub, tsim ib tug ntau yam ntawm coob. av nplaum minerals rau cov tsos ntawm cov organic molecules kuj tau zoo kawm. Txawm li cas los, ib tug unified qauv ntawm cov tshuaj evolution tsis tau nyob ua ib ke, vim qhov yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub zog ntawm txoj kev no yog tseem tsis tau qhib.

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