Thaum lub USSR tsaus muag? Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich

Lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union twb nrog los ntawm ib tug txheej txheem ntawm disintegration ntawm lub system nyob rau hauv lub economic complex, kev sib raug zoo qauv, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sib raug zoo spheres ntawm lub teb chaws. Thaum lub USSR tsaus muag, lub 15 republics tau ywj siab. Qhov no tus txheej txheem no nrog los ntawm ib tug "parade ntawm sovereignties". M. S. Gorbachev (Secretary General ntawm lub CPSU Central Committee) tshaj tawm lub txiav ntawm kev ua si nyob rau hauv tus ncej. Nws piav nws txiav txim siab "txoj cai xav txog kev teem". Republics, sawv daws txais ib tug tshaj tawm. Qhov no daim ntawv officially thov lub txiav ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm cov USSR (1991, Hlis ntuj nqeg 26).

Yog vim li cas rau lub cev qhuav dej ntawm

Kom txog rau thaum tam sim no, historians yuav tsis tuaj mus rau ib tug kev pom zoo hais txog dab tsi raws nraim txhais no yog nws tau los mus tiv thaiv ib tug tseem ceeb heev qhov teeb meem thiab nrog kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm lub Soviet Union nws yog nquag degradation ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, thiab muab sau ib tug ua txoj kev laus ntawm cov senior mej zeej ntawm lub chav tsev. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov nruab nrab muaj hnub nyoog ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub Politburo, los ntawm lub 80 th xyoo yog 75 liters. Ua ntej, nws coj mus rau lub "era ntawm lub ntees tuag." Ces, lub siab tshaj plaws tsev Gorbachev nkag mus hauv. Mikhail Gorbachev ua sai sai tau lub hwj chim thiab kis tau nws cov cawv vim lub tus hluas uas muaj hnub nyoog ces. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws kev xaiv tsa raws li Secretary General ntawm lub thib tsib nws yog 54. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm lub Soviet Union cim ib qho exceptional monocentrism ua tej yam kev txiav txim siab. Qhov no txoj cai muaj xwb ib tug "tsoom fwv teb chaws qhov chaw" - Moscow. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, qhov no coj mus rau ib tug tsis ntawm lub sij hawm thiab tsis zoo siv ntawm lub zos daws teeb meem. Raws li, qhov teeb meem no coj mus rau ntse thuam nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Ib co sau phau ntseeg hais tias tus tsav tsheb quab yuam los ua nationalistic tendencies uas muaj npaum li cas qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Thaum lub USSR tsaus muag, haiv neeg tsis sib haum tau peaked. Cov haiv neeg categorically hais lawv lub tswv yim mus tsim lawv tus kheej kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab kab lis kev cai. Ntawm cov yog vim li cas rau lub cev qhuav dej ntawm qhov hu rau thiab kuag tooj kuag hlau coj noj coj ua. Cov thawj coj ntawm lub republics nrhiav kom tau tshem ntawm cov tswj los ntawm lub hauv paus tseem fwv, thiab siv kev ywj pheej kho uas Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich muaj. Nrog lawv nws yuav tsum ua kom puas lub unified xeev system ntawm decentralized zej zog.

economic instability

Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union nyob rau hauv Gorbachev, raws li, tseeb, thiab ua ntej nws, cim tu ncua nyob rau hauv uas nws kim heev economic system. Qhov no ua rau:

1. Cob phum shortage ntawm cov neeg cov khoom.
2. Cov ua kev backwardness nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm tus raug kev lag luam.

Tsis ntev los no nws twb tau pab kom txawm peem xwb heev kim mobilization mechanisms. Nyob rau hauv 1987, ib tug complex ntawm kev ntsuas tau txais yuav. Nws twb hu ua lub "Acceleration". Txawm li cas los, rau siv nws nyob rau hauv kev xyaum yog tsis yooj yim sua, vim cov tsis muaj nyiaj txiag lub sij hawm.

quantitative txoj kev npaj

Thaum lub USSR tsaus muag, kev cog qoob loo nyob rau hauv lub economic system yog nyob rau hauv ib qho tseem ceeb mob. Nyob rau hauv 1960-70. lub ntsiab txoj kev ntawm tawm tsam nrog ib tug tsis muaj khoom noj khoom nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob ntawm npaj khwv nyiaj txiag tau ua nyob rau hauv cov huab hwm coj tus nqi, tus nqi qis thiab yooj yim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Feem ntau ntawm cov tuam txhab uas muag ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv peb hloov. Lawv ua zoo xws li cov ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsawg zoo. Raws li cov tsuas txoj kev ntsuam xyuas cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm lub tuam txhab uas ua ntau nqe lus. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov khoom manufactured nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, tau poob sharply.

nrov discontent

Nws tshwm sim los tsis tu ncua kev cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv khoom noj khoom haus cov khoom. Ib tug tshwj xeeb mob teeb meem no yog nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm stagnation thiab perestroika. Deficiency cai nyob rau hauv lwm cov khoom yam thiab lub caij nyoog siv (ntaub hoob nab, tub yees, etc.). Lub teb chaws tau ua tawv txwv thiab prohibitions, kuj muaj ib tug tsis zoo feem nyob rau mus ob peb vas ntawm tus masses. Tus txheem ntawm nyob yog lossi khaws cia nrog lub Western powers. Administrative neeg ua hauj lwm npaj mus caum nrog txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj txiag tej yam kev mob, lawv twb hai.

Dag xeev kaw

Mus rau 80-th xyoo. nws los ua tseeb tag nrho cov pejxeem. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, ib tug yuav tsum txoj kev muab visas twb qhia mus txawv tebchaws txawv teb chaws. Cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau rau mus ua si rau lub socialist xeev. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev ua qhov loj tshaj plaws kev txwv rau mloog lub suab ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, ntsiag to, ntau yam tseeb txog lub hauv nom tswv teeb meem, ib tug ntau dua lub neej zoo nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv TV thiab nyob rau hauv xovxwm ua censorship. Tau luam tawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej hauj lwm hauv pliaj thiab tsis paub hais tias tej xwm txheej ntawm lub teb chaws lub keeb kwm, qhia cov pov thawj ntawm kev txwv tsis pub luam ntawv tawm. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ua raws li los ntawm loj reprisals, Novocherkassk tua neeg pov tseg, anti-Soviet revolt nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Krasnodar.

ntsoog

Thaum lub USSR tsaus muag, tus mob shortage ntawm cov khoom tau mus txog nws siab tshaj plaws. Txij li thaum 1985, tus thawj tswj neeg ua hauj lwm pib hloov tshiab. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm sharply nce nom tswv kev ua si ntawm cov pejxeem. Lawv pib tsim loj heev, nationalist thiab radical xws li cov koom haum thiab taw. nws twb officially tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv 1898 uas lub ntsoog ntaus lub teb chaws. Los ntawm 1991 th ntawm free muag zoo yuav luag tag nrho cov khoom, tshwj tsis yog mov. Nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm rationing nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov coupons twb tau ua tswvcuab. Nyob rau hauv 1991, tus tuag tus nqi dhau tshaj ntawm lub yug tus nqi. Nws yog tus thawj officially kaw demographic ntsoog.

"Mob khaub thuas ua tsov ua rog"

Thaum lub sij hawm lub xeem xyoo ntawm lub Soviet Union cim lub active destabilizing ua ub no ntawm Western lub teb chaws. Nws yog ib feem ntawm cov "khaub thuas tsov rog." Subversion twb nrog los ntawm 'cov neeg ua hauj' cawv 'nyob rau hauv lub kav apparatus ntawm lub teb chaws. Qhov no lub tswv yim twb qhia nyob rau hauv ib co ntawm cov analyses ua, nyob rau hauv particular, ib tug xov tooj ntawm yav tas los taub hau ntawm lub KGB thiab cov Communist zog.

Boris Yeltsin

Gorbachev sim kom tag nrho cov rog ntawm lub USSR. Txawm li cas los, tiv thaiv nws los ntawm koj ua li ntawd raug xaiv Tej zaum 29, 1990 rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm Chairman ntawm lub Supreme RFSR Yeltsin. Zog ntawm Guj kuj yog ib feem ntawm lub USSR raws li ib tug koom pheej. Nws sawv cev rau feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub Union. Cov Central Thawj Coj ntawm Lavxias teb sab koom pheej raws li zoo raws li lub All-Union, nyob rau hauv Moscow. Tab sis lawv twb pom li theem nrab. Tom qab qhov kev xaiv tsa ntawm Yeltsin RFSR pib kom pom tseeb rau cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm cov sovereignty ntawm lub Union, raws li zoo raws li lub Vocabulary ntawm lub ywj pheej ntawm lwm yam Union thiab nws siv yooj yim republics. Raws li tus ncej Chairman ntawm lub Armed Forces, nws kuj ua RFSR tsev lag luam ntawm cov ncej ntawm lub Thawj Tswj Hwm. Lub rau hli ntuj 12, 1991 nws yeej qhov nrov pov ntawv tawm suab. Yog li ntawd nws tau los ua tus thawj tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Russia.

lub coup

USSR mus txog lub deepest teebmeem nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub neej. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav khaws cia rau lub Union thiab nws ntsoos ntsoos los ntawm no txoj hauj lwm nws tau tsim los ntawm lub xeev Committee of Emergency. Qhov no lub cev muaj los ntawm 18 mus rau 21 Lub yim hli ntuj 1991. Ti Tes Ti Taw Committee muaj xws li ua hauj lwm thiab lub xeev tsoom fwv ua hauj lwm uas txwv perestroika kho pom zoo ua los kuj tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub Union. Committee neeg opposed lub teb chaws tus pom mus rau hauv ib tug tshiab confederation. Rog, lub taub hau ntawm uas yog Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin, tsis kam mloog cov tsim lub cev, hu lawv los tiv thaiv-kev cai kev ua ub no. Tus aim ntawm qhov coup yog kom tshem tawm Gorbachev los ntawm pawg thawj tswj hwm, cov preservation ntawm lub sam xeeb ntawm lub Soviet Union, tiv thaiv cov koom pheej lub hwjchim kav. Tus txheej xwm ntawm cov hnub, xa mus rau raws li "lub yim hli ntuj putsch." Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub coup lag luam twb suppressed thiab nws cov tswv cuab puas tau raug ntes.

xaus

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm disintegration ntawm lub USSR thaum xub thawj tsis pom zoo, thiab ces twb sai pom tau hais tias cov teeb meem ntawm Soviet zej zog. Kis tau mus rau ib tug catastrophic scale ntawm alcoholism, tshuaj tiv, prostitution. Society twb sharply criminalized, sharply nce tus duab ntxoov ntxoo kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Qhov no lub sij hawm yog tseem cim los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm technogenic catastrophes (Chernobyl kev huam yuaj, roj explosions thiab lwm tus). Nyob rau lub thoob ntiaj teb scene muaj kuj cov teeb meem. Tsis kam mus koom nyob rau hauv lub internal affairs ntawm lwm lub teb chaws coj mus rau ib tug loj heev kev nco nyob rau hauv lub pro-Soviet communist regimes nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe nyob rau hauv 1989, tus yam ntxwv, nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, Leh Valensa tau txais hwj chim (lub qub lub taub hau ntawm lub "Solidarity" trade union), nyob rau hauv Czechoslovakia - Vaclav Havel (yav tas los dissident) . Nyob rau hauv Romania Communist ua haujlwm tshwm sim nrog rau kev siv dag zog yuam. Raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub tribunal, tus thawj tswj hwm Ceausescu thiab nws tus poj niam raug tua. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, muaj ib tug cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet system, tsim tom qab ob ntiaj teb rog.