TsimSecondary kev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv

Territory, pej xeem, thiab tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm Switzerland. Switzerland: kev piav qhia thiab cov keeb kwm

Lub cheeb tsam ntawm Switzerland yog heev me me txawm los ntawm European qauv. Cuaj kaum, qhov me me lub teb chaws plays ib tug ncaj tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntiaj teb no muaj dab. Political system thiab txawv teb chaws txoj cai hauv lub xeev, uas muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas thiab tsib caug xyoo, muab unprecedented stability, yuav pom tau tias cov cim. Cia peb xub xyuas cov keeb kwm, paub lub cheeb tsam thiab cov pej xeem ntawm Switzerland, raws li zoo li ib co lwm yam lus hais txog hais tias lub teb chaws.

Lub thaj chaw ntawm Switzerland

Ua ntej xav tias cov cheeb tsam ntawm Switzerland, raws li zoo li ib co lwm cov lus nug, cia peb kawm seb qhov twg lub State yog nyob.

Switzerland yog nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm Western teb chaws Europe, nyob rau hauv lub roob hu ua lub Alps. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj nws yog bordered los ntawm Austria thiab Liechtenstein, nyob rau hauv sab qab teb - nrog Ltalis, mus rau sab hnub poob - nrog Fabkis, thiab rau sab qaum teb nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Qhov xwm ntawm feem ntau ntawm Switzerland yog mountainous cim. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob ntawm lub teb chaws yog loj heev pas dej Geneva.

Cov peev ntawm Switzerland - Bern.

Keeb kwm ua ntej tsim ntawm ib tug neeg sab nraud lub xeev

Cia peb tam sim no tham me ntsis txog ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm Switzerland. Lub koom nyob rau hauv cov chaw no peb paub los puas tau txij li thaum lub Paleolithic muaj hnub nyoog. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm Neolithic muaj muaj ib tug kev cai lub zej lub zos, uas ua lawv lub tsev nyob rau stilts.

Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm lub roob cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws twb nyob hauv Npanpiloo los ntawm pab pawg neeg Retov, uas raug xam tias yog akin mus rau lub Italian Etruscans. Nws yog li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub romanized pawg neeg coj ib tug ntawm cov niaj hnub haiv neeg Switzerland - Romansh.

Tsis tas li ntawd, txij thaum lub XIII xyoo pua BC. e., ntawm no pib kom penetrate lub Celtic haiv neeg. Ua ntej lub Roman conquest ntawm sab hnub poob ntawm niaj hnub Switzerland twb inhabited los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg keltoyazychnye Helvetii thiab cov Allobroges, thiab sab hnub tuaj - vindelici.

58 BC. e. Helvetii thiab cov Allobroges tau kov yeej los ntawm cov poj Roman general Yuliem Tsezarem, thiab tom qab nws tuag, thaum Octavian Augustus nyob rau hauv 15-13 xyoo BC. e. ntxhi Rhaetian neeg thiab vindelici.

Lub daig chaw yog tso incorporated rau hauv lub Roman faj tim teb chaws. Lub chaw uas zoo heev uas niaj hnub Switzerland twb muab faib nruab nrab hauv lub xeev - Rhaetia thiab Upper lub teb chaws Yelemees, thiab kuj yog ib tug me me rau thaj tsam ze Geneva yog ib feem ntawm lub Narbonne Gaul. Tom qab ntawd, los ntawm lub tso pa tawm ntawm lub sab qaum teb nws twb sib cais ib tug ntau xeev - Vindelitsiya. Lub cheeb tsam los ua maj romanized, muaj tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb Roman vaj tse, txoj kev, lub zos, thaum lub hwj chim ntawm tus faj tim teb chaws rau lub caij nplooj zeeg mus rau hauv poob, ntawm no pib txeem cov ntseeg Vajtswv.

Twb tau nyob rau 264 AD rau hauv ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub western Switzerland invaded Germanic pawg neeg Alamanni. Thaum pib ntawm V xyoo pua, lawv thaum kawg yog tej sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv 470, sab hnub poob ntawm Switzerland los ua ib feem ntawm lub nceeg vaj ntawm lwm Germanic pawg neeg - lub Burgundians, uas, li cas los xij, twb ntseeg. Yog hais tias Alemans rau nws lub teb chaws no kiag li kev rhuav tseg cov khoom siv ntawm romanization, rhuav tseg, assimilating thiab expelling neeg nyob hauv zos, lub Burgundians, on qhov tsis tooj, nws tau koom rau lub zos zoo nkauj loyal, uas pab rau lub predominance ntawm lub Roman pejxeem nyob rau hauv lub pawg neeg thaj av raug rau lawv. Qhov no division yog reflected txawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm niaj hnub: lub sab hnub poob hais lus Fabkis pejxeem ntawm Switzerland - nws yog feem ntau cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg uas nyob lub teb chaws los ntawm lub Roman lub sij hawm, thiab sab hnub tuaj German-hais lus pejxeem - xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm lub Alamanni.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 478, lub sab qab teb ntawm Switzerland yog successively nyob rau hauv cov cai ntawm cov Germanic nceeg vaj hauv lub Ostrogoths thiab cov Lombards, qhov chaw uas yog nyob rau hauv ltalis. Tab sis lub Ostrogoths kuj tsis tsim tsausmuag Germanization ntawm cov pejxeem, yog li nyob rau hauv no ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws yog tam sim no nyob Romansh thiab Italian.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias kev tiv thaiv ntawm nws cov saum toj no-hais haiv neeg thiab cov tub rog ntxeem tau tiv thaiv lub ntuj division ntawm Swiss Alps nyob rau hauv ib tug kuj raug rho tawm hauv cheeb tsam.

Nyob rau hauv lub VIII xyoo pua, tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm Switzerland twb dua koom nyob rau hauv lub Frankish lub xeev. Tab sis twb nyob rau hauv lub IX xyoo pua, nws tsaus muag. Switzerland twb dua faib cov ob peb lub xeev: Upper Burgundy, Ltalis thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI German huab tais tswj los mus tsim lub ntuj Roman faj tim teb chaws, uas muaj tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm Switzerland. Txawm li cas los, tsis ntev lub imperial hwj chim tsis muaj zog txaus, thiab yeej cov pawg neeg thaj av pib los tswj lub zos feudal lords ntawm lub genera Tserengenov, Kyburg, Habsburg thiab lwm tus neeg, exploited nyob hauv zos. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog intensified Habsburgs tom qab qhov kawg ntawm lub XIII xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lawv txhais tes dhau tswv cuab title uas huab tais ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Roman faj tim teb chaws.

Cov tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej

Nws yog ib tug nriaj tiv thaiv cov laus, feem ntau Habsburg, thiab yog tus pib ntawm uniting disparate Swiss cheeb tsam mus rau hauv ib tug nkaus xwb ywj siab lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv 1291 nws tau muab cov tub rog alliance "nyob rau hauv perpetuity" ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm peb cov cantons (regions) ntawm Switzerland - Schwyz, PAS thiab Unterwalden. Txij thaum ntawd los hnub dhau muaj ib cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Swiss lub xeev. Los ntawm lub sij hawm no pib ib tug active tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam cov Habsburgs, lub imperial thawj coj thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub feudal lords. Rau cov thawj theem ntawm no nriaj muaj xws li lub npe nrov lus dab neeg ntawm Vilgelme Telle.

Nyob rau hauv 1315 muaj ib lub thawj loj clash ntawm lub Swiss thiab lub Habsburg pab tub rog. Nws twb hu ua sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Morgarten. Ces tus Swiss tswj kom yeej, uas yog txaus siab tshaj lawv ob peb lub sij hawm ib pab tub rog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, dua li uas muaj knights. Nws yog txuam nrog qhov kev tshwm sim thawj mention ntawm lub npe "Switzerland". Qhov no yog vim muaj ib tug erroneous lub npe ntawm tus canton ntawm Schwyz nyob rau hauv tag nrho Union. Tam sim ntawd tom qab yeej ntawm tus phooj ywg daim ntawv cog lus tau tshiab.

Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lub Union txuas ntxiv mus ua hauj lwm ntse tiv thaiv cov Habsburgs. Qhov no attracted lub siab xav ntawm lwm qhov chaw kom tuaj koom nrog. Los ntawm 1353 lub Union muaj yim cantons, raws li tau ntxiv rau tus thawj peb Zurich, Bern, Zug, Lucerne thiab Glarus.

Nyob rau hauv 1386 thiab 1388 xyoo lub Swiss ntaus ob tseem ceeb tshaj yeej ntawm lub Habsburgs nyob rau hauv lub battles ntawm Sempach thiab Näfels. Qhov no coj mus rau lub fact tias nyob rau hauv 1389 kev sib haum xeeb tau kos npe rau 5 xyoo. Ces nws tau ntawm kev ncua mus rau 20 thiab 50 xyoos. Habsburgs tau renounced cov cai ntawm cov neeg laus tus txheeb ze mus rau lub yim allied cantons, txawm hais tias lawv tseem yog ib feem ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Roman faj tim teb chaws. Qhov no lub xeev ntawm affairs lasted kom txog thaum 1481, uas yog yuav luag 100 xyoo.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1474-1477, Switzerland twb muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub Burgundy tsov rog nyob rau hauv pab pawg nrog Fabkis thiab Austria. Nyob rau hauv 1477 nyob rau hauv lub decisive sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Nancy, lub Swiss yeej Duke Charles lub Bold ntawm Burgundy rog, thiab nws tus kheej raug tua nyob rau hauv no sib ntaus sib tua. Qhov no yeej zoo heev muaj zog lub thoob ntiaj teb kev nplua nuj ntawm Switzerland. Nws warriors los ua nuj nqis raws li yav tom ntej mercenaries, uas muaj ib tug zoo ntxim rau cov kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Raws li xws li, lawv yog cov King ntawm Fabkis, lub Duke of Milan, cov pope thiab lwm yam princes. Nyob rau hauv lub Vatican tiv thaiv tus Vaj Saib tseem recruited los ntawm lub Swiss. Nws yog ua ntau thiab ntau lub teb chaws, xav mus koom nrog cov Union, tab sis cov laus cantons yog tsis dhau xav mus nias rau ib thaj tsam.

Nyob rau hauv hnub kawg, tus tshiab ntawv cog lus tau kos npe rau hauv 1481. Solothurn thiab Fribourg - nyob rau hauv ob tug lwm cantons tau txais raws li cov tswv cuab ntawm Union. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm Switzerland muaj txhab thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cantons tau coj mus txog kaum. Nyob rau hauv 1499, swb nyob rau hauv tsov rog tiv thaiv cov Swabian League, txaus siab rau huab tais. Tom qab no daim ntawv cog lus tau kos npe, uas tau cim qhov tawm ntawm Switzerland los ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Roman faj tim teb chaws. Tab sis huab tais yog tsis raws li txoj cai renounced nws neeg pab leg ntaubntawv. Nyob rau hauv 1501, raws li cov cantons nyob rau hauv lub Union tau txais yuav los ntawm lub Basel thiab Schaffhausen, thiab nyob rau hauv 1513 - Appenntsel. Tus nqi ntawm cov av tau mus txog kaum peb.

Meanwhile, nyob rau hauv lub XV xyoo pua teb chaws Europe ntau tsuj taw treads Reformation - ib pab pawg neeg ntawm Christian kev cai dab qhuas tej lus qhia tsis kam lees lub supremacy ntawm lub Pope nyob rau hauv lub sab ntsuj plig lub ntiaj teb no. Lub nroog ntawm Geneva tau ntev nyob thiab tuag tus tsim ntawm ib tug ntawm cov uas lub ncauj ke ntawm lub Reformation - Zhan Kalvin. Lwm tseem ceeb reformer Ulrih Tsvingli yug nyob rau hauv St. Gallen. Reform yuav siv sij hawm ntau nyob sab Europe sovereigns thiab princes. Tab sis nws tsis kam ua tus Vaj Roman faj tim huab tais. Vim li no, nyob rau hauv 1618 nws puas tawm yias-European Peb caug xyoo 'ua tsov ua rog. Nyob rau hauv 1648, ib tug Ode rau lub sib haum xeeb ntawm Westphalia tau kos npe, nyob rau hauv uas lub Emperor leej twg paub nws yeej thiab txoj cai ntawm princes los xaiv tus cai dab qhuas rau nws thaj av, thiab tau raws li txoj cai tsau tawm Switzerland los ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Roman faj tim teb chaws. Tam sim no nws tau ua ib siab ywj siab hauv lub xeev.

ywj siab Switzerland

Txawm li cas los, Switzerland thaum lub sij hawm tsuas ib tug txheeb ze yuav yuav ntshai ua ib lub xeev. Txhua canton nws muaj nws tus kheej txoj cai, hwv division, txoj cai los xaus thoob ntiaj teb ntawv cog lus. Nws yog zoo li ib tug tub rog thiab kev nom kev tswv alliance tshaj ib tug tag nrho-fledged lub xeev.

Nyob rau hauv 1795, Switzerland pib lub kiv puag ncig, txaus siab los ntawm sab nraum Napoleonic Fabkis. Cov Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, thiab nyob rau hauv 1798 muaj twb tsim tau ib tug unitary lub xeev - Helvetic koom pheej. Tom qab lub Allied kov yeej Napoleon nyob rau hauv 1815 nyob rau hauv Switzerland rov qab rau yav tas los ntaus nrog ib tug ob peb hloov, txawm li cas los, cov xov tooj ntawm cantons twb tau nce mus 22 thiab tom qab ntawd - mus rau lub 26. Tab sis lub teb chaws twb nce zog mus rau centralisation ntawm lub hwj chim. Ib tug tshiab Constitution tau txais nyob rau hauv 1848. Raws li nws, Switzerland, txawm hais tias nws tseem yuav hu los ntawm cov Confederation, ua tau muab rau hauv ib tug tsoom fwv teb chaws lub xeev nrog ib tug tag nrho-fledged tsoom fwv. Ces tus nruab nrab raws li txoj cai ntawm mills tau lawm tsau. Nws yog ib tug guarantee tias cov ntaub ntawv muaj Switzerland ua ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau muaj kev thaj yeeb thiab nyob ntsiag to ces kaum ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Ua nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, cov kev puas tsuaj ntawm tus thawj thiab Ob txhais ntiaj teb Wars, lub xeev no yog yuav luag ib tug xwb uas twb tsis puas thaum lub sij hawm lub tragic cov txheej xwm. Tseeb, free ntawm tsov rog nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe yog tsuas Sweden thiab Switzerland. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws tau tsis raug kev txom nyem los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab tej tawg hem los invasions ntawm txawv teb chaws cov tub rog.

Lub teb chaws yog nquag tsim kev lag luam thiab lub ntsuam xyuas nyiaj sector. Qhov no pub rau coj Switzerland mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tus leading chaw muab kev pab ntawm nyiaj txiag cov kev pab cuam, thiab tus txheej txheem ntawm nyob ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub Alpine lub xeev tau ua ib tug ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj chaw.

cheeb tsam Switzerland

Tam sim no cia tus paub dab tsi cheeb tsam ntawm Switzerland. Qhov no xam yog ib tug yooj yim qauv tshau rau tom qab tsom xam. Thaum lub caij, Switzerland cheeb tsam ntawm 41,3 txhiab sq. M. km. Nws 133rd tus nqi ntawm tag nrho cov teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

Kev sib piv, tsuas yog ib cheeb tsam Volgograd cheeb tsam yog 112,9 sq. M. km.

Subdivisions ntawm Switzerland

Nyob rau hauv tus thawj tswj-hwv cov nqe lus, Switzerland yog muab faib ua 20 cantons thiab 6 ib nrab hais tias, nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, sib npaug zos rau cov 26 cov chaw ntawm cov confederation.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws cheeb tsam yog Graubünden (7.1 txhiab sq. Km.), Bern (6.0 th. Sq. Km.) Thiab Vale (5.2 txhiab sq. Km.).

pejxeem

Tag nrho cov pej xeem nyob hauv lub teb chaws ntawm hais txog 8 lab tus tib neeg. Qhov no yog qhov 95th nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Tab sis li cas cov kev ceev ntawm pejxeem yog Switzerland? Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws thiab cov pejxeem, peb tau teem, ib qho yooj yim mus muab thiab xam qhov ntsuas no. Nws yog sib npaug zos rau 188 cov neeg. / Sq. km.

haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg

Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub teb chaws 94% ntawm cov pejxeem xav txog lawv tus kheej haiv neeg Swiss. Qhov no tsis tiv thaiv kom txhob rau lawv los mus hais lus ntau yam lus. Yog li, 65% ntawm cov pejxeem yog cov German hais lus, 18% - hais lus Fabkis thiab 10% - Italian hais lus.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, hais txog 1% ntawm cov pejxeem yog Romansh.

kev ntseeg

Thaum lub sij hawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab sij hawm niaj hnub, Switzerland tau los ua ib tug tiag tiag arena ntawm tawm tsam ntawm Protestants thiab Catholics. Tam sim no lub passions tau subsided thiab tsis muaj kev cai dab qhuas confrontation nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ua tsis tau. Hais txog 50% ntawm cov pejxeem yog cov Protestant, thiab 44% - Catholics.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Switzerland muaj me me Yudais thiab cov Muslim cov zej zog.

General yam ntxwv

Peb kawm tau nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm Switzerland square. km, pejxeem thiab keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws no. Raws li koj tau pom, nws poob ib tug ntev txoj kev los ntawm cov fragmented alliance ntawm cantons mus rau ib tug unified lub xeev. Lub keeb kwm ntawm Switzerland yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas haiv, religiously, ethnically thiab hom lus cais cov zej zog yuav tsum koom rau hauv ib lub teb chaws.

Cov kev vam meej ntawm lub Swiss txoj kev loj hlob qauv paub meej tias nws cov nyiaj txiag ntsuas thiab ntau tshaj 150 xyoo ntawm kev kaj siab nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

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