Tej yam ntuj tso radioactivity

Ntuj radioactivity yog tam sim no qhov txhia chaw nyob rau hauv peb lub neej, nws yog ib feem ntawm tus tib neeg ib puag ncig. Qhov no tshwm sim tau raug nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1896 los ntawm qhov Fabkis tus paub txog Becquerel los ntawm lub npe, uas pheej nrhiav tau qhov uas tej yam ntuj tso radioactivity ntawd thaum lub sij hawm xyaum ua tej yam rau cov teebmeem nyob ntawm ib tug photographic phaj, uas yog qhwv nyob rau hauv ib tug dub ntawv, ib tug fluorescent zinc sulfide.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub ntuj radioactivity? Qhov no transformation ntawm lub atomic nuclei ntawm ib yam tshuaj uas caij nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm atoms ntawm lwm lub caij. Qhov no tus txheej txheem no yeej ib txwm nrog tej tawg. Great pab mus rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm no qhov teeb meem tau ua ib tug zoo heev physicist Marie Sklodowska-Curie. Nws yog nws leej twg nyob rau hauv 1898 sab lub ntsiab radium thiab polonium.

Physicists pom tau hais tias tej yam ntuj tso radioactivity yog tsis raug hloov nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lwm yam kev mob. Nws yuav ua tau ntawm ob hom: cov proton, thiab ob-proton.

Nws muaj xws li cov natural radioactivity ntawm ob peb yam. Cov muaj xws li: lub cosmic tawg, tej yam nyob hauv lub teb chaws, raws li tau zoo raws li ib tug tawg qhov twg los, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntaub ntawv, khoom noj khoom haus thiab dej.

Yog hais tias koj xam ib feem pua, ces lub ntuj radioactivity yuav muaj tuaj raws li nram no: 73% - vim qhov tus ntawm tej yam ntuj tso tawg qhov chaw uas qhov txhia chaw ib ncig ntawm peb, 13% - yog tsim los ntawm kev kho mob cov txheej txheem (lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws coob X-ray), thiab 14% ntawm cov tawg nws tso nyiaj rau rays los ntawm txheej chaw.

Hnub Ci tawg muaj enormous lub hwj chim, tiam sis los ntawm lub ntiaj teb nws tiv thaiv cov ib puag ncig, txawm li cas los, ntau dua qhov lub deb ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto, lub zog cov nyhuv ntawm cosmic tawg. Zaum tau pom ib tug doubling ntawm qhov kev txiav txim tom qab 1000 meters. Piv txwv li, thaum ib lub dav hlau ya davhlau thaum nws nce kwv yees li 10,000 meters, lub tawg theem nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov tshaj tej yam ntuj tso yuav luag 10 lub sij hawm.

Flashes, uas tseg tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hnub, kuj yog ib tug haib tivthaiv ntawm "natural" tom qab tawg. Cov nram qab no qhov chaw - nws hais uas yog ib feem ntawm lub tsev ntaub ntawv, twj los ntawm thee combustion, thiab phosphate chiv.

Raws li cov faib theem ntawm tej yam ntuj tso radioactivity ntawm cov ntiaj chaw? Zaum tau xam hais tias nws mas nws txawv nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 5 -20 micro-roentgen ib teev. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ua ntej tib neeg rau lo lus nug tshwm sim, yuav ua li cas muaj teeb meem xws li ib tug duab rau lub neej ntawm cov neeg uas nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb.

Nyob rau qhov no qhov teeb meem, hais tias zaum tov. Ib txhia ntseeg tias qhov kev puas tsuaj los ntawm tawg yog negligible, thaum lwm tus neeg cam thawj hais tias nws ua rau mob loj heev kab mob thiab change, tiam sis nws yog heev cuab kev tias qhov teeb meem no yuav tsum tau tshawb fawb ntxiv.

Ho muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tom qab tawg ib tug neeg xyaum tsis tau, yog li ntawd koj yuav tau tiv thaiv koj tus kheej los ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm tus tsis zoo yam tseem ceeb uas ntau tshaj cov permissible qhov tseem ceeb.

Chav ntawm radioactivity:

• 1 rem = 0.01 Sv;
• 1 mrem = 0.01 milli Sievert.

Cosmic tawg yog sib npaug rau ib tug txhua xyoo koob tshuaj ntawm 30 mrem (300 Sv), tab sis, rau piv txwv, nyob kwv yees li 10 km tawg koob tshuaj yuav muaj 100 lub sij hawm ntau dua. Cov theem ntawm hluav taws xob yog txawv nyob rau txawv continents thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg lub teb chaws. Nws yog 30, nyob rau hauv Fabkis, lub US thiab Nyiv - 60 millirem ib xyoo. Cov pejxeem ntawm cov vam meej lub teb chaws txhua xyoo tau txais 100-150 mrem ntawm hluav taws xob vim lub uas twb muaj lawm tom qab. Nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov no daim duab Salaries 65 mrem / xyoo.

Txoj kev nyob rau hauv uas noj tej tshuaj yuav ua tau heev ntau haiv neeg. Feem ntau ntawm lawv: los ntawm lub ntsws, cov zaub mov, ntawm daim tawv nqaij los ntawm haum. Nce radioactivity adversely muaj feem xyuam rau tib neeg lub cev. Tej tshuaj uas faib evenly thoob plaws hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg mob. Yog hais tias peb coj mus rau hauv kev saib xyuas tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm radionuclides, txhua xyoo tib neeg koob tshuaj nyob rau nruab nrab yog 135 mrem.