Teb ntawm daim ntawv thov, thiab thaj chaw ntawm lub tungsten mis

Yuav ua li cas yog tungsten? Lub ntsiab thaj chaw ntawm lub caij raws li nyob rau hauv lub peculiarities ntawm nws cov tshuaj qauv. Muab qhov kev thov rau tungsten, koj yuav tsum kom huv si to taub nws cov qauv.

Txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Periodic Table

Xav qhov yooj yim zog ntawm tungsten, pib nrog lub fact tias nws muaj tus 74th tooj. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, nws nruab nrab yog ib txoj kev hloov hlau muaj ib tug xiav-nyiaj xim. Tungsten yog khoom, muaj ib tug nws yog xim hlau ci. Qhov no yog lub feem ntau refractory caij yog ntau tshaj rau lub melting point muaj tsuas carbon. ² 5p ⁶ 5d ⁴ 6s ² , E _ион (Ме => Ме ⁺ + e) = 7,98 э В. Hauv mis: KLMN5s ² 5p ^{4 6} 5D 6s ^2, E _ion (kuv => Kuv ^{+ +} e) = 7,98 e V.

provenance

Nws txawv txawv lub npe no hlau yog ua txhua yam rau lub mineral wolframite. "Hma ua npuas ncauj" tau paub txij li thaum lub xyoo pua 16th. Qhov no txawv txawv lub npe yog piav los ntawm tus muaj lwm yam minerals tawm nyob rau hauv nws tin ores. Tungsten tiv thaiv smelt tin, txhais nws rau hauv lub ua npuas ncauj los ntawm slags. Yuav ua li cas yog lub cev thaj chaw ntawm tungsten yog cov hauv paus ntawm nws dav siv nyob rau hauv lub lag luam? Nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States no hlau yog hu ua "hnyav pob zeb".

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 18th xyoo pua Swede Scheele nrog nitric acid kho mineral scheelite nws tau txais, tau txais tungsten trioxide. Ib me ntsis tom qab, cov kwv tij muaj kev tswj kom tau Eliyar tungsten oxide los ntawm wolframite Saxon. Nws yog ib cov chemists, ib txhia twb qhia tau tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm tungsten.

Ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Puas muaj dab tsi nyob rau hauv qhov xwm ntawm ntshiab tungsten? Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov hlau qhia nws nyob rau hauv lub kiav txhab rau qhov cov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tebchaw. Piv txwv li, ib tug sib tov ntawm oxides ntawm manganese, hlau, tungsten. Kom muaj ntaub ntawv sau npe tus compound yog xaiv ferberite thiab Gyubnera. Lawv yog cov tam sim no nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus tungsten, hlau thiab manganese. Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm tungsten hlau thiab cia kom faib ntawm tungsten minerals. Nyob rau hauv lawv, lub concentration tsis pub tshaj ob feem pua. Ntawm cov coob deposits ntawm tungsten, peb nco ntsoov Tuam Tshoj, lub US, Kazakhstan. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov qhia thiab ntau yam pauv loj reserves ntawm hlau ores nyob rau hauv South Kauslim, Bolivia, Russia, Portugal. Rau yav tom ntej lub cev thaj chaw ntawm tungsten xav tias nws ntau yam pauv loj industrial ntau lawm. Lub ntiaj teb no txhua xyoo ntau lawm ntawm txog 50 txhiab tons ntawm refractory caij. Lub ntsiab exporters ntawm tungsten yog suav tias yog South Kauslim, Tuam Tshoj, Austria. Ntawm cov importers ntawm refractory hlau xibtes ntawm coj noj coj ua yog mus rau lub tebchaws United Kingdom, Japan, USA, lub teb chaws Yelemees.

ntau lawm nta

Kev npaj ntawm tungsten yog nqa tawm ntawm ib nrab kauj ruam, implying sib cais los ntawm ore concentrate tungsten trioxide. Tom ntej no, nws yog ua los lub hmoov hlau. Xws li ib tug kauj ruam yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau ib tug kub ntawm txog 700 degrees Celsius. Yuav ua li cas yog lub cev thaj chaw ntawm tungsten yog thaum lub plawv ntawm no technology? Lub siab melting kub tso cai rau nws ntawm hmoov metallurgy raug hmoov compaction, sintering nyob rau hauv ib tug hydrogen cua ntawm ib tug kub ntawm txog 1300 degrees Celsius. Tom ntej no, tom qab lub tau tungsten hluav taws xob tam sim no yog dhau lawm. Thaum cov hlau yog rhuab mus rau ib tug kub ntawm 3000 degrees cai monolithic khoom. Los ntawm txhais tau tias ntawm cheeb tsam melting yog nqa tawm tom ntej purification thiab kev npaj ntawm ib leeg-siv lead ua hlau.

zog

Yuav ua li cas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug tungsten? Tshuaj zog raws li nyob rau hauv nws cov high melting kub. Lub caij muaj ib tug valence ntawm los ntawm 2 mus rau 6. Qhov tseem ruaj khov nrog ib tug valency ntawm tungsten yog rau. Hlau yus paub xeb kuj. Nws tsis oxidize nyob rau hauv cov huab cua nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub. Nyob rau hauv tungsten oxide, nws puv xwb thaum kub dawb khoov rau ob sab. Nyob rau hauv lub electrochemical series ntawm co stresses active caij yog nyob tom qab lub hydrogen, li ntawd, nws tsis yog soluble nyob rau hauv nta hydrofluoric thiab sulfuric acids. Tungsten yog tau yaj hydrogen peroxide, raws li zoo raws li mixtures ntawm hydrofluoric thiab nitric acids.

Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxidants active hlau muaj peev xwm ntawm reacting nrog molten alkalies. Ua ntej, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hais es maj mam, tab sis tom qab ncav qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 400 degrees tshwm sim nthawv sov lub hlau, uas accelerates cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tungsten nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov ntawm hydrofluoric acid thiab nitric acid ntaub ntawv geksaftorvolframovuyu. Qhov siab tshaj plaws nqi siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam tungsten trioxide. Nyob rau hauv tungstate muaj lub peev xwm los tsim ib tug polymeric anion. Qhov no hlau yog lub hauv paus ntawm refractory ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kev lag luam.

Liaj teb ntawm daim ntawv thov

Yuav ua li cas Kuv yuav siv tungsten carbide? Thaj chaw ntawm lub compound siv kom paub qhov txawv nws los ntawm ntshiab tungsten. Plasticity thiab refractory co tau ua nws lub hauv paus rau lub creation ntawm filaments nyob rau hauv ntau teeb pom kev zoo fixtures. Tsis tas li ntawd, tungsten yog siv nyob rau hauv daim duab hlab thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev hlab. Vim qhov no caij yog ib tug high ntom, nws tau ua ib lub hauv paus rau zus tau tej cov hnyav alloys. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb rau cov creation ntawm balances, thiab tej cuab yeej-tho cores, high-ceev gyroscopes rotors rau ballistic cuaj luaj. Qhov loj tagnrho ntawm tungsten yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug argon-arc vuam li ib tug electrode. Alloys, uas nyob rau hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj tungsten, muaj ib tug kub siab kuj, acid kuj, lawv yog resistant rau cov neeg kho tshuab hom. Tej yam ntxwv pub rau lawv siv rau qhov siv thiab ua phais seev, armor tso tsheb hlau luam, aircraft xyaw, kom haum raws li ntim tej tshuaj. Hais tias tungsten yog ib qho tseem ceeb tivthaiv rau qhov siv thiab ua high-zoo steel qib.

Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv kub lub tshuab nqus tsev furnaces raws li ib tug caij cua kub. Nyob rau hauv ib tug hlau ntawd nrog rhenium thermocouples muab rau tej chaw rauv taws nte.

xaus

Nws yog vim hais tias lub siab ceev ntawm tungsten hlau no yog tsim rau nto tiv thaiv los ntawm ionizing tawg. Nce hardness thiab hlau refractoriness tsim teeb meem loj teeb meem nyob rau hauv nws ua. Yuav kom daws tau cov teeb meem qhia rau hauv npib tsib xee, tooj liab thiab hlau. Tungsten kuj tau ua nws nrov nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua khoom ntawm kev tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub engineering.

Nws yog tsim nyog rau milling, chipping, tig, drilling. Piv txwv li, ib tug yeej yog tsim los ntawm cov tungsten carbide. Qhov no sib tov yog thov kom muaj ib laum siv los tsim qhov nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb. tungsten sulfide ua raws li ib tug high-kub roj nplua nyeem. Nws tau thov nyob rau hauv qhov. Part tungsten tebchaw siv raws li pigments thiab catalysts. Thov no hlau compound thiab raws li ib tug alloying caij nyob rau hauv lub steels thiab alloys raws li hlau. Lom nqi ntawm cov hlau tungsten muaj tsis tau.