Synecology kev tshawb fawb ecological systems

Ecology li ntawm kev sib piv nrog botany, zoology lossis anatomy yog ib qho kev coj xeeb ceem rau menyuam yaus uas tshwm sim nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Nws xyuas cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom nyob thiab lawv cov zej zog ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab lub cev ib puag ncig. Ib qho ntawm nws cov seem - synecology - kev tshawb fawb ecology thiab nws cov kab mob nyob ntawm biogeocenoses: nroj tsuag, kab, fungi, tsiaj nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog txhua lwm. Science nws tus kheej yog tus ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb xws li L. Dollo, O. Abel, DN Kashkarov, VN Sukachev.

Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav nkag siab txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov seem ntawm ecology thiab paub txog cov qauv thiab cov tswv yim ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem kev lag luam.

Biogeocenoses raws li khoom ntawm biosphere

Cov aggregates ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm ntau hom kab mob lom - coob - nyob tsis tsim nyog. Lawv koom siab hauv cov zej zog loj - biocenoses. Ntxiv mus, ntawm cov tib neeg hauv lub cheeb tsam tsev kawm ntawv, muaj ntau hom kev sib raug zoo, piv txwv li, xws li allelopathy, parasitism, mutualism, sib tw, kev sib txuas ntawm trophocoenotic. Synecology cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov kab mob uas nkag mus rau biogeocenosis, thiab kuj tshawb txog kev sib txuam ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj subsystems uas tsim kom muaj lub zej lub zog.

Dab tsi yog meant los ntawm ecological system

Tsis tas yog lub sijhawm "biogeocenosis" khov kho nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig science, tab sis kuj yog lub sij hawm "ecosystem" uas yog los ntawm A. Tensli. Ob lo lus yog siv los xa mus rau tej yam ntuj tso systems thiab lawv lub Cheebtsam: fitosoobschestv thiab tsiaj uas synecology kev tshawb fawb raws li nyob rau hauv lub ntaus tswv yim ntawm cov interconnectedness ntawm tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob nrog rau lawv cov ib puag ncig. Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj daim paib sib npaug ntawm ob qho lus. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm "biogeocenosis", uas yog muab los ntawm V. Sukachev, yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev, vim nws xav txog cov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv lub voj voog ntawm cov khoom thiab lub zog hluav taws uas tshwm sim hauv lawv. Tab sis cov kev xav ntawm ib qho "ecosystem" uas tau ua thoob plaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau cag luam, tam sim no siv, vim tias nws txoj kev kawm, kom paub txog ntau hom biocomplexes, ob qho tib si ntawm natural and artificial.

Txoj kev xav ntawm biogeocenosis VN Sukacheva

Tus paub txog views raug tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm muaj koob Lavxias teb sab biologists Dokuchaev, koom nyob rau hauv cov av science, thiab Vernadsky - tus tsim ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm lub biosphere. Combining paub txog geochemistry, hav zoov science, geobotany, V. Sukachev tsim ib qho kev qhuab qhia tshiab - biogeocenology. Nws, nrog rau kev sib txuas lus, - qhov ecology seem, uas kawm txog kev sib txig ntawm cov kab mob nyob hauv lub cheebtsam, suav cov qauv ntawm cov tsiaj txhu thiab cov pejxeem kev phoojywg ntawm phyto-thiab zoocenosis. Tawm los ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, tag nrho cov txheej ntawm biosphere yog saturated nrog lub neej, nyob rau hauv lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm interconversion ntawm biomass thiab lub zog noj qhov chaw. Lawv lub hauv paus yog cov saw hlau.

Lawv muaj cov neeg tsim tawm - cov kab mob autotrophic, feem ntau cov nroj tsuag. Tom qab ntawd ua raws li thawj, ob, third-order kev pab, uas yog heterotrophs.

Qhov kawg link nyob rau hauv lub khoom noj khoom haus saw hlau yog utilizers tuag organic teeb meem - decomposers. Cov no muaj xws av cov kab mob, fungi saprotrophs kuj ib co kab. Tag nrho cov yam ntawm tswg xwm, muaj nyob rau hauv ecosystems xws li av, dej, lub ntuj kaaj quas lug, tau hu ua biotope.

Cov kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav

Thaum pib ntawm kev tsim ntawm kev tshawb fawb, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txais cov khoom siv nrog kev pab los ntawm kev tshawb fawb - cov caij nyoog tuaj txog. Hauv plawv xyoo pua 20, txoj kev ua xws li cov kev sib tw tagnrho txhua-lub-xyoo-thoob-ib thooj av, txoj kev uas sau hais tias atoms, xov tooj cua kis kab mob, ua dominant. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, taug kev los ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog ntawm lub ntiaj teb pib siv rau kev txav ntawm cov tsiaj coob. Piv txwv, cov loj artiodactyls, uas sau nrog cov xov tooj cua. Xav txog qhov tseeb tias qhov kev sib raug zoo yog qhov faib ntawm ecology, uas kawm txog kev sib txuam ntawm ntau yam kab ke ntawm lawv tus kheej, cov kws tshawb fawb siv ob qho zauv thiab cybernetics. Lub tom kawg yog siv los ua qauv thiab twv seb cov cheebtsam uas tsim cov qauv nruab ntug.

Kev tshawb fawb phytocenology zoo li cas

Nroj tsuag yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm ecosystems. Vim tias cov duab photosththesis, lawv muab tag nrho lwm yam khoom noj nrog cov khoom noj uas muab qee qhov tshwj xeeb cia. Synecology kev tshawb fawb kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom ntawm phytocenosis thiab cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob heterotrophic: kab, nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu tsiaj.

Kev sib xyaw paj ntawm cov cog cov neeg zej zog ntawm feem ntau cov paj biocenoses yog qhov nyuaj thiab yog hu ua hom saturation. Tsob nroj kab mob nyob rau hauv ecosystems sawv cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntau ntau, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm ecological niches. Lub kab rov tav heterogeneity ntawm cov nroj tsuag hu ua mosaic thiab, tsis zoo li stratification, nyob tsawg ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub teeb hnub. Tab sis nws yog ncaj qha raws li hom kev sib raug zoo, xws li allelopathy thiab kev sib tw. Cov kev hloov phytocenosis, lawv cov kab xev yog tshwm sim los ntawm circadian rhythms thiab kev zoo, xws li kev ua kom tawg, thaj tsam, hav zoov.

Yog vim li cas rau cov teeb meem ntawm tus naj npawb tsiaj

Xws li cov kws tshawb fawb zoo li SA Severtsov, NV Turkin, Ch. L. Elton, tau kawm cov kev hloov hauv tus naj npawb ntawm cov tib neeg hauv cov zej zog. Thiab Chew Hewitt tau qhia lub ntsiab lus "kev tsis muaj sia". Lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv natural complexes thiab, ua ke nrog trophocenotic kev, yog ntsuas ntawm lub biotic muaj peev xwm ntawm lub ecosystem. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm kev paub ntau ntawm cov tib neeg tseem ceeb heev rau kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob kev tswj uas tswj cov circadian rhythms ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas uas kis zoonoses xws li plague thiab tularemia. Synecology tseem kawm txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg cov kev ua ub no ntawm kev ua zoo ntawm goodcenoses, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev txo qis ntawm cov tsiaj qis thiab kev tuag, thiab kev txo qis rau hauv cov zej zog ntawm cov tsiaj txhu tseem ceeb.

Hom kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob hauv biomes

Rov qab hais tias kev ua suab paj nruag - qhov faib ntawm ecology, uas kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Cov no muaj xws li kev sib koom tes, kev sib tw, kev phom sij. Piv txwv li, phytocenology tau ntev tau paub txog qhov incompatibility ntawm qee cov nroj tsuag nrog txhua lwm yam: cov roj walnut secretes cov tshuaj lom neeg rau pome thiab pob zeb txiv hmab txiv ntoo, inhibits lawv loj hlob thiab fruiting, thiab kuj ua rau tuag ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Mutualism yog ib hom kev sib koom ntawm cov kabmob ntau yam kabmob uas cov kabmob tau txais kev pabcuam (hermit crab thiab actinia, flagellates nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv ntawm kab thiab pab lawv ua txhaum cov roj).

Lub zog txauv hauv biosphere

Biogeocenoses, uas tsim cov kab tsiaj ntawm lub ntiaj teb, hloov ob qho tib si biomass thiab lub zog, thiab qhib lub nruab. Cov kev xwm txheej no yuav tsum muaj lub zog ntawm lub teeb ci. Phototrophs nws siv rau lub synthesis ntawm cov organic tshuaj, lub lwg me me ntawm ATP thiab ₂ NADFhN. Synecology yog ib qho kev kawm uas kawm txog kev hloov kev txuam ntawm biomass thiab lub zog.

Lawv muaj cov tsos ntawm ib qho hauv pyramid thiab nws cov khoom noj chains. Dynamics of zog los ntawm ib tug qis trophic theem rau siab ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm physics, Ntxiv, qhov txawv ntawm lub zog theem ntawm lub nyob ib sab potentials nqi 10-20%, thaum lub seem zog yog dissipated li thaum tshav kub kub. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, peb tau ntsib nrog ecology seem - synecology, thiab nrhiav tau tawm ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb, nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhawb nqa lub neej ntawm biosphere.