Solovetsky lub rooj: hnub, yog vim li cas

Qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XVII yog cim nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj, ib qho tseem ceeb tshwm sim - tus kev cai dab qhuas kho ntawm Patriarch Nikon. Nws los tau ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia lub tom ntej keeb kwm. Unifying ritual sab ntawm kev pe hawm thiab yog li ua si ib tug zoo luag hauj lwm, nws yog qhov ua rau ntawm kev cai dab qhuas schism nyob rau hauv zej zog. Cov feem ntau cov tawm manifestation ntawm nws cov inhabitants yog tus uprising ntawm lub Solovetsky Monastery, dubbed Solovetsky lub rooj.

Yog vim li cas rau kho kom zoo

Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm XVII xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws muaj ib tug xav mus ua ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub liturgical phau ntawv. Nyob rau lub sij hawm uas nyob rau hauv kev siv yog ib daim ntawv teev nrog translations ntawm ancient Greek phau ntawv, tuaj rau Russia ua ke nrog rau cov tsev lag luam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Ua ntej lub advent ntawm printing, lawv twb tau theej los ntawm txhais tes. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm copyists ua yuam kev, thiab rau centuries muaj tej teeb meem loj divergence los ntawm cov thawj qhov chaw.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm no - lub parish thiab monastery txiv plig muaj ntau yam kev tswj commission cov kev pab cuam, tag nrho cov ua lawv nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Qhov no lub xeev ntawm affairs yuav tsis mus txuas ntxiv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tshiab txhais los ntawm cov neeg Greek, thiab ces replicated los ntawm printing tau ua. Qhov no ensured uniformity ua rau lawv lub tsev teev ntuj kev pab. Tag nrho cov yav tas los cov phau ntawv tau tshaj tawm hais tias invalid. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub envisaged kho kom zoo thiab kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub commission ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig. Cov yav tas los - ob tug ntiv tes hloov nrog peb tug ntiv tes.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj phua

Yog li, cov kho kom zoo kov xwb qhov ritual sab ntawm lub Koom Txoos lub neej tsis muaj cuam tshuam nws dogmatic, tab sis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ntau khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm haiv neeg ntawd tsis tshua muaj neeg tsis zoo. Muaj yog ib tug cais ntawm cov neeg uas txais cov kho kom zoo, thiab nws ardent tw uas yuav lav hais tias set los ntawm nrhav puas txoj kev ntseeg tseeb, thiab yog li ntawd lawv tuaj los ntawm dab ntxwg nyoog.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub dissenters foom phem Patriarch Nikon, uas nyob rau hauv lem muab lawv anathema. Cov ntaub ntawv coj ib tug txawm ntau loj tig vim lub fact tias cov kho tsis tau tuaj tsuas yog los ntawm cov Patriarch, tab sis kuj tus kheej los ntawm Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (leej txiv ntawm Peter I), thiab yog li ntawd kuj kom nws yog ib tug revolt tawm tsam tsoom fwv, thiab thiaj li nws tau yeej ib txwm tau nyob rau hauv Russia tu siab yuav tshwm .

Solovetsky lub rooj. Luv luv txog nws ua

Tag nrho cov ntawm Russia ntawm lub sij hawm uas twb embroiled nyob rau hauv kev cai dab qhuas tsis sib haum. Rebellion, hu ua Solovki lub rooj - ib lo lus teb inhabitants nyob rau hauv cov Islands tuaj ntawm lub Dawb Hiav txwv Solovetsky Monastery attempts mus yuam cov tub ceev xwm mus hauv paus nyob rau hauv nws lub installation ntawm ib tug tshiab kho kom zoo. Nws pib nyob rau hauv 1668.

Yuav kom pacify lub unruly Tej zaum 3, nws tsaws rau cov kob nyob rau hauv lub txib ntawm ib tug detachment ntawm musketeers ntawm tus huab tais Volokhova magistrates, tab sis twb tau ntsib nrog gunfire. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias monastery yog founded ntawm no tsis tsuas yog raws li ib tug ntawm sab ntsuj plig chaw, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug haib defensive qauv - ib tug outpost nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm Swedish expansion.

Solovetsky lub rooj sawv cev rau tsoom fwv ib tug loj teeb meem los ntawm lub fact tias tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv lub monastery monks, thiab muaj 425 tus neeg, muaj txaus cov tub rog tawm kev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau ntawm lawv pov tseg tau txais, phom thiab ib tug loj kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov mos txwv. Txij li thaum nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Swedish siege defenders yuav raug muab txiav tawm los ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab nraum, nyob rau hauv lub cellars ntawm lub monastery yog yeej ib txwm khaws cia loj cov khoom siv ntawm cov khoom noj. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus - mus coj ib tug fortress ntawm kev quab yuam tsis yog ib tug yooj yim ua hauj lwm.

Thawj lub xyoo ntawm tus siege ntawm lub monastery

Peb yuav tsum them tribute rau tsoom fwv, rau ob peb xyoos, nws twb tsis muab decisive kev txiav txim thiab saib rau pem hauv ntej mus rau ib tug muaj kev thaj yeeb tau. Sau kom tiav blockade ntawm lub monastery twb tau tsim, uas tso cai rau defenders rau restock kev cai. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv tau tuaj koom los ntawm ntau ntau lwm yam dissenters los ntawm peasants thiab dim lub uprising Stepana Razina, uas tau tsuas nyuam qhuav tau suppressed. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm Solovetsky lub rooj ntawm xyoo mus rau xyoo nws yog nkag mus rau hauv tshiab los ntawm UFW.

Tom qab plaub-xyoo ntawm fruitless sim mus ua txhaum cov kuj ntawm lub siab tawv tsoom fwv xa ntau heev heev cov tub rog tsim. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1672 nyob rau hauv cov kob tsaws 725 musketeers nyob rau hauv lub txib ntawm cov magistrates Ievleva. Yog li, nyob rau sab ntawm lub besieged fortress nyob outnumbered, tab sis txawm nws tsis muab tej yam tangible tau.

Intensification ntawm hostilities

Xeem ntev, ntawm chav kawm, ua tsis tau. Txawm tias tag nrho lub siab tawv ntawm defenders ntawm lub monastery, Solovetsky rooj twb ibtxhi, vim nws yog tsis yooj yim sua cais, txawm ib tug loj pawg ntawm cov neeg, mus tua nrog rau tag nrho lub xeev tshuab. Nyob rau hauv 1673 txoj cai ntawm tus huab tais mus suppress cov ntxeev siab nyob rau hauv lub dawb Hiav txwv tuaj txog tswv xeev Ivan Meshcherin - cov neeg muaj zog heev. Nws muaj ib tug nruj kev yuam coj cov tshaj cum cov kauj ruam rau muab tso rau ib tug thaum xaus rau lub monastic lub siab nyiam. Nrog nws tuaj lwm, thiab qhov cuab lub zog.

Nyob rau nws tuaj txog txoj hauj lwm precipitated ho qub. Voivod tau tsim muaj ib tug tag nrho blockade ntawm lub fortress, txiav tawm tag nrho cov raws ntawm kev sib txuas lus nrog cov sab nraum lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, yog hais tias nyob lub xyoo dhau los vim rau muaj mob loj frosts nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no siege twb muab tshem tawm thiab archers mus ua ntej lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav nyob rau hauv Sumy lub tsev kaw neeg, tam sim no lub blockade ntawd kub ntev li tag nrho cov xyoo puag ncig. Li Solovetsky rooj deprived ntawm lawv cov livelihood tej yam kev mob.

Attempts monastery phem

Ivan Meshcherin yog ib tug tej thiab keej warlord thiab cov cov siege los ntawm tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm cov tub rog kos duab. Nyob ib ncig ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv lub monastery artillery roj teeb tau ntsia, thiab ua rau nws khawb nyob rau hauv tus pej thuam. Lawv tau ua ob peb npaj siab rau cua daj cua dub lub fortress, tab sis lawv Repulsed. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm active hostilities thiab defenders thiab cov besiegers raug kev txom nyem tseem ceeb losses. Tab sis qhov teeb meem yog hais tias tsoom fwv tau muaj peev xwm raws li tsim nyog los sau rau hauv lub poob ntawm nws pab tub rog thiab cov defenders tsis muaj nws, thiab lawv muaj pes tsawg yog lossi zuj zus lawm.

Ntxeev siab, uas ua qhov ua rau ntawm yeej

Thaum pib ntawm 1676 nws yog ib zaug dua npaum li cas lub offensive nyob rau hauv lub monastery, tab sis nws yog hai. Txawm li cas los, nearing teev thaum yuav thaum kawg crushed nws nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej heroic Solovetsky lub rooj. Hnub Lub ib hlis ntuj 18 yog cov dub hnub nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb kwm. Ib tug neeg ntxeev siab npe hu Teoctist tsom tswv xeev Mescherinovu daim card zaj, uas yuav nkag mus rau lub monastery. Nws tsis nco lub sij hawm thiab coj kom zoo dua ntawm nws. Tsis ntev archers tub cheev xwm tsoo rau hauv lub fortress. Npaum li cas los surprise tus defenders twb tsis tau muab kom txaus tsis kam, thiab ntau raug tua nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv tab sis tsiv sib ntaus sib tua.

Cov neeg uas tseem ciaj sia, tos rau lub tu siab txoj hmoo. Voivod yog ib tug tsausmuag txiv neej, thiab tom qab ib tug luv luv mus sib hais cov thawj coj ntawm lub rebellion thiab nws cov mej zeej tua. Lwm tus twb lawv hnub nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw deb jail. Qhov no xaus tus naas ej Solovetsky lub rooj. Yog vim li cas sim hawm caij nyoog rau nws - tej kho kom zoo thiab txhav tsoom fwv cov kev cai tswj nyob rau hauv nws siv, yuav ua ntxiv discord nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm Russia rau ntau xyoo.

Kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub qub ntseeg

Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, muaj ib tug tseem tshiab ya ntawm haiv neeg hu ua Laus ntseeg, los yog lwm yam - conservatives. Caum los ntawm tsoom fwv, lawv yuav mus rau lub trans-Volga forests, lub Urals thiab Siberia, thiab overtaken los ntawm pursuers - coj yeem tuag nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub. Tsis tau cai ntawm tus huab tais thiab txoj cai ntawm cov nom lub tsev teev ntuj, cov neeg no muab lawv lub neej mus rau lub preservation ntawm uas pom tau hais tias lub "ancient piety." Thiab nco ntsoov ib qho piv txwv rau lawv yuav tsum tau tsis mloog lus monks ntawm lub monastery rau cov Dawb Hiav txwv.