Semi-thawj tswj system - tswvyim thiab cov yam ntxwv

Xeev raws li txoj cai mechanism muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv, cov uas sawv tawm tus duab ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm. Pawg no implies ib tug ntawm ob tug loj seem - lub monarchies thiab republics.

Qeb "koom pheej", nyob rau hauv lem, yog muab faib mus rau hauv parliamentary, thawj tswj thiab mixed. Semi-thawj tswj system - ib tug muaj teeb hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv, kev kawm txog cov uas yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb mloog. Thiab nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub li cas nws yog, nws yog tsim nyog los xav txog nws yooj yim yam ntxwv thiab hom.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug semi-thawj tswj system?

Koom pheej raws li ib daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv yog txiav txim los ntawm lub indirect hwj chim ntawm tus neeg ntawm lub teb chaws. Qhov no txhais tau tias tag nrho cov siab tshaj plaws lub cev ntawm lub xeev txoj cai (Parliament thiab cov thawj coj) yuav tsum yog raug xaiv los ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los, nyob ntawm seb leej ntaub ntawv rau tsoom fwv, thiab nyob rau hauv lub hom pheej. Cov lawv yog cov semi-thawj tswj system.

Pawg no yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev hloov ntawm kev nom kev tswv tsoom fwv, tab sis yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nrog ruaj ywj pheej sawv.

Qhov tseem yam ntxwv nta yog mixed koom pheej:

1. Cov kev xaiv tsa los ntawm nrov pov ntawv tawm suab, thiab cov Thawj Tswj Hwm thiab Parliament.
2. Lub koom haum nom tswv thiab lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev yog endowed nrog yuav luag sib npaug powers nyob rau hauv kav lub teb chaws.
3. Tsoom fwv muab ib daim ntawv qhia rau Parliament, tab sis muaj tag nrho cov luag hauj lwm rau nws ua tus Thawj Tswj Hwm, uas yog ua tau lub taub hau ntawm lub thawj lub cev.
4. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus Prime Minister yog siv kev txiav txim ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub Management.
5. Ib tug mechanism ntawm "cov tshev mis thiab balances", nyob rau hauv uas Parliament muaj cai mus tso rau hauv tsoom fwv, nyob rau hauv lem, xaiv lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev - nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau ua tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab xaiv thiab yaj lub koom haum nom tswv. Ntxiv mus, tsoom fwv resign xwb nrog tus Prime Minister, tab sis tsis nrog tus thawj tswj hwm.
6. Arbitrator, lub Constitutional Court ua nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob supreme lub cev ntawm lub xeev hwj huam.

Nyob ntawm seb yuav ua li cas koj faib lub powers ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm thiab parliament, ob hom ntawm semi-thawj tswj system - thiab ib tug semi-semi.

Semi semi-thawj tswj system, lub classic piv txwv ntawm cov hauj lwm uas yog Fabkis thiab Poland, raws li nyob rau hauv lub kho kom zoo luag hauj lwm ntawm cov thawj coj nyob rau hauv tsoom fwv. Raws li ib co sau phau ntawv, qhov no hom yog feem ntau raug rau lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv uas zoo luag hauj lwm ntawm cov thawj coj ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub teb chaws thiab nyob rau hauv uas tseem ceeb rau txoj kev hloov dab los ntawm ib tug parliamentary koom pheej mus rau lub classic thawj tswj. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias daim ntawv no ntawm tsoom fwv yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv lub CIS lub teb chaws, piv txwv li, lub Lavxias teb sab Federation, lub koom pheej ntawm Belarus, Ukraine.

Semi-parliamentary semi-thawj tswj system yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv uas cov txheej txheem yog "nce qib ntawm ib tug muaj zog parliament" thiab tsim los ntawm ib tug parliamentary koom pheej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub koom haum nom tswv yog endowed nrog ib tug tej yam hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev pov npav uas tsis muaj kev tso siab: lub nomination ntawm ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib pov npav ntawm lub Minister (Uruguay) los yog lub Prime Minister, cim tias seb thaum ib tug ua tau successor (lub teb chaws Yelemees).

Yog li, lub semi-thawj tswj system yog ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv yus muaj los ntawm ib tug gradual strengthening ntawm lub parliament los yog tus thawj tswj hwm. Tej zaum daim ntawv no ntawm tsoom fwv yuam ntaus nqi mus rau tov (los yog atypical) ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kev coj.

Mixed daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv.

Raws li sau tseg ua ntej lawm, rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv muaj ob lub ntsiab hom - lub monarchy thiab pheej. Txawm li cas los, muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm pej xeem cov chaw thiab keeb kwm tsim txoj kev ntawm kev tswj faib ib tug tshwj xeeb zoo - mixed ntaub ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv. Cov no muaj xws cov ntsiab ntawm cov monarchy nrog Republican thiab monarchical koom pheej nrog tej yam tshwm sim.

Monarchy nrog Republican cov ntsiab ntawm cov nram qab no:

1. Xaiv monarchy - nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tus tswv xeev yog raug xaiv rau ib yam hauv paus. Ib qho piv txwv yog lub tebchaws United Arab Emirates thiab Malaysia.
2. Ib tug kev cai monarchy nyob rau hauv uas lub huab tais inherits nws lub hwj chim thiab yog ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub xeev thiab lub xeev cov tub ceev xwm raug xaiv los ntawm cov neeg - piv txwv yog lub tebchaws United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden. Txawm li cas los, xaiv ntawm no hom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm mixed tsoom fwv yog debatable.

Koom pheej nrog monarchist ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub nram qab no:

1. Superpresidential - lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev muaj ib tug de facto sovereign txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub meej monarchy. Ib tug piv txwv yog North Kauslim
2. Lub Islamic koom pheej ntawm - cov ntsiab ntawm monarchy embodied nyob rau hauv kev tsis mloog lus los ntawm cov nyiaj ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm cov neeg. Ib tug prime piv txwv yog Iran

Semi-thawj tswj system, piv txwv thiab cov yam ntxwv uas tau raug hais saum toj no, yog ib tug hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev tswj, uas tso cai rau tsis muaj tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam txav los ntawm ib hom ntawm tsoom fwv los mus rau lwm lub. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub kev cai npaj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, muab lub legitimacy thiab legality ntawm ua rau txoj kev hloov.