Real gases: sib txawv los ntawm ideality

Lub sij hawm "tiag tiag gases" ntawm chemists thiab physicists hu ua gases xws zog uas yog ncaj qha nyob rau lawv intermolecular kev sib tshuam. Txawm tias tej tshwj xeeb directory yuav tsum tau nyeem hais tias ib tug tias ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob thiab lub steady state occupies ib tug ntim ntawm kwv yees li 22,41108 liters. Qhov no daim ntawv qhia no yeej muaj tseeb xwb ua li ntawd-hu ua "tagnrho" gases uas, raws li Clapeyron kab zauv, tsis yog acting quab yuam ntawm kev sib nrig sib attraction thiab repulsion ntawm lub lwg me me, thiab qhov ntim nyob los ntawm cov tom kawg yog negligibly me me.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, cov tshuaj tsis muaj nyob, ces tag nrho cov lus thiab suav yog purely theoretical orientation. Tab sis qhov tiag gases, uas yog rau ib co twg thim ntawm lub zoo tagnrho cov kev cai yog heev heev. Nruab nrab ntawm lub lwg me me ntawm cov tshuaj yog ib txwm tam sim no quab yuam ntawm kev sib nrig sib attraction, uas txhais tau tias lawv ntim yog txawv me ntsis los ntawm cov deduced zoo meej qauv. Ntxiv mus, tag nrho cov tiag tiag gases muaj zaubmov txawv los ntawm ideality.

Tiam sis ntawm no nws twb tsis siv nkaus ntshiab nyiam: tus siab kub point tshuaj ze rau zero degrees centigrade, qhov ntau lub compound yuav sib txawv los ntawm lub zoo tagnrho qauv. Cov kab zauv ntawm lub xeev ntawm cov gases uas los ntawm lub Dutch physicist Johannes Diederik van ua dawb Waals rog, lawv twb rho nyob rau hauv 1873. Nyob rau hauv cov mis, uas muaj rau hauv daim (p + n ² / V ²⁾ (V - NB) = NRT , muab ob yam pauv loj heev kev hloov nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog Clapeyron kab zauv (PV = NRT), txiav txim experimentally. Tus thawj tug yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account lub rog ntawm molecular sis, uas muaj feem xyuam rau tsis tsuas cov hom ntawm cov roj, tab sis kuj nws volume, ceev thiab siab. Qhov thib ob kho yog txiav txim los ntawm lub molecular ceeb thawj los ntawm lub substance.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj luag hauj lwm kev kho me ntsis tau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug kub siab roj. Piv txwv li, rau nitrogen 80 atmospheres exponent. suav yuav sib txawv los ntawm lub zoo tagnrho los ntawm hais txog tsib feem pua, thaum lub siab nce mus rau plaub atmospheres txawv twb mus txog ib puas feem pua. Nws hais ntxiv hais tias cov kev cai ntawm qhov zoo tagnrho roj qauv yog approximate. Derogation los ntawm lawv yog ob qho tib si ntau thiab zoo. Tus thawj manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov Clapeyron kab zauv tuas rau tag nrho cov tiag tiag gaseous heev roughly. Retreat yog zoo npaum li cas ntxaum.

Real gases yuav zoo yuav hloov nyob rau hauv cov kua thiab khoom xeev ntawm aggregation, uas yuav tsis yooj yim sua nyob rau hauv lawv nruj kev ua raws li cov Clapeyron kab zauv. Intermolecular rog sawv xws ntaub ntawv coj mus rau tsim ntawm ntau yam tshuaj sib txuas. Qhov no dua yuav tsis tau nyob rau hauv lub theoretical zoo tagnrho roj system. Cov li no tsim kev sib txuas lus hu ua tshuaj los yog valence. Nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas lub tiag tiag pa roj yog ionized, nyob rau ntawd pib tshwm Coulomb attraction rog uas txiav txim seb lub cwj pwm ntawm cov, e.g., ib tug ntshav, uas yog ib tug quasi nruab nrab ionic hom. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj tseeb nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub ntshav physics hnub no yog ib tug loj, sai tsim scientific kev qhuab qhia, uas muaj ib tug tsis tshua ntau daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv astrophysics, lub hom phiaj ntawm xov tooj cua yoj Pib ntsais koj teeb, thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm tej tshuaj nuclear fusion tshua.

Tshuaj bonds nyob rau hauv real gases los ntawm lawv qhov tsis txawv los ntawm lub molecular rog. Cov thiab lwm yam kev lom zem ntau txo kom cov hluav taws xob kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov atomic nqi, tag nrho cov uas yog tsev atomic thiab molecular qauv ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Txawm li cas los, ib tug to taub tag nrho ntawm cov molecular thiab tshuaj lom neeg rog tsuas yog nrog rau cov tshwm sim ntawm quantum mechanics.

Peb yuav tsum lees hais tias tsis yog txhua lub xeev ntawm teeb meem uas yog sib xws nrog lub kab zauv ntawm lub Dutch physicist, tau muab los siv nyob rau hauv xyaum. Qhov no yuav tsum tau kuj yog ib tug zoo tshaj ntawm lawv cov thermodynamic stability. Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tej yam kev mob xws stability agents yog tias nyob rau hauv lub isothermal siab kab zauv yuav tsum tau nruj me ntsis cai ib tug ib txwm mus txo lub tag nrho lub cev. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nrog ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm V tag nrho cov isotherms ntawm ib tug tiag tiag roj yuav tsum poob tshee. Meanwhile, nyob rau hauv isothermal daim ntawv Van ua dawb Waals rog hauv qab no tseem ceeb heev kub theem ntawm lub nce feem muaj cai. Cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov aav sib haum mus rau lub tsis ruaj tsis khov lub xeev ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw, uas nyob rau hauv kev xyaum tsis tau pom tau hais.