Ntshav physics. Fundamentals ntawm Ntshav Physics

Lub sij hawm thaum cov ntshav txuam nrog peb nrog ib yam dab tsi tsis muaj, to taub tsis tau, zoo heev, yog ntev dua. Niaj hnub no cov tswvyim no yog dav siv. Cov ntshav siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam. Qhov tseem nquag ntawm nws siv nyob rau hauv teeb pom kev zoo technology. Piv txwv li - gas paug teeb, illuminating txoj kev. Tab sis nyob rau hauv fluorescent teeb yog tam sim no. Nws tseem yog nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob welding. Tom qab vuam arc - yog cov ntshav generated los ntawm cov ntshav tsau. Ib tug yuav pabneeg ntau lwm cov piv txwv.

Ntshav Physics - yog ib tug tseem ceeb ceg ntawm science. Yog li ntawd nws yog tsim nyog los nkag siab txog cov tswv yim hais txog nws. Qhov no yog qhov kev kawm ntawm peb cov tsab xov xwm no.

Lus Txhais thiab hom ntshav

Yuav ua li cas yog ntshav? Kev Txiav Txim nyob rau hauv physics yog muab ntshiab heev. Ntshav yog hu ua ib lub xeev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas qhov chaw uas lub caij nyoog kawg no muaj ib tug tseem ceeb (commensurate nrog tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm hais), tus nab npawb ntawm cov them hais (carrier) muaj peev xwm ntawm ntau dua los yog tsawg mus tau rau hauv lub substance. Peb yuav paub qhov txawv cov nram qab no lub ntsiab hom ntshav physics. Yog hais tias lub muaj yuav mus rau tus hais ntawm ib hom (thiab opposite kos npe rau ntawm them nyiaj li hais, neutralizing lub system tsis muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev tshem), nws yog hu ua ib feem. Nyob rau hauv lub rov qab rooj plaub no nws yog - ob los sis multicomponent.

ntshav nta

Yog li ntawd, peb yuav piav me ntsis txog lub tswvyim ntawm ib tug ntshav. Physics - ib tug caij nyoog science, thiaj li tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus txhais tsis tau ua. Tam sim no qhia txog lub ntsiab nta ntawm lub xeev no ntawm qhov teeb meem.

thaj chaw ntawm cov ntshav nyob rau hauv cov physics. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv lub xeev no nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm electromagnetic rog twb me me muaj zog ntawm tsheb - tam sim no uas ntws nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj thiab ntev li ntev raws li cov rog yuav tsis ploj vim hais tias ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lawv qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd, cov ntshav nws thiaj li nkag mus rau hauv ib lub xeev qhov twg nws yog quasi-nruab nrab. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws volume, ib tug loj kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm me me, muaj pes tsawg xwb. Qhov thib ob feature ntawm cov ntshav yog yam rau qhov ntev-ntau qhov xwm ntawm tus Coulomb thiab Ampere rog. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias lub zog nyob rau hauv lub xeev no, raws li ib tug txoj cai, muaj ib tug collective cim, uas ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm them hais. Cov no yog cov yooj yim zog ntawm ntshav physics. Lawv yuav pab tau kom koj nco ntsoov.

Ob leeg ntawm cov nta ua rau lub fact tias ntshav physics extraordinarily nplua nuj thiab ntau haiv neeg. Cov feem ntau cov tawm manifestation ntawm nws yog qhov yooj yim ntawm tshwm sim ntawm ntau hom ntawm instabilities. Lawv yog cov loj obstacles rau ua daim ntawv thov ntawm ntshav. Physics - lub science uas yog lossi evolving. Yog li ntawd, nws yog vam hais tias nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no obstacles yuav muab tshem tawm.

Cov ntshav nyob rau hauv cov dej

Tig mus rau qhov kev piv txwv ntawm cov qauv, peb yuav pib los ntawm kev xav ntshav subsystems nyob rau hauv condensed teeb meem. Ntxiv kua yuav tsum tau feem ntau hu ua kua hlau - ib qho piv txwv, uas sib raug rau ntshav subsystem - ib zaug xwb tivthaiv cov cab kuj ntshav electrons. Nruj me ntsis hais lus, peb xav nyob rau hauv qeb yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi, thiab ib cov kua ntsha, uas yog nqa - ions ntawm ob cim. Txawm li cas los, rau ntau yam yog vim li cas, electrolytes tsis yog no. Ib tug ntawm lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nyob rau hauv lub ntsha tsis muaj lub teeb, mus nqa xws li electrons. Yog li ntawd, ntshav zog hais saum toj no yog qhia ho weaker.

Ntshav muaju

Cov ntshav nyob rau hauv cov muaju muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb lub npe - khoom-xeev ntshav. Nyob rau hauv ionic muaju, txawm hais tias muaj nqi, tiam sis lawv tseem. Yog li ntawd, yog tsis muaj ntshav. Nyob rau hauv cov hlau - yog electrons conductivity constituting ib tug-tivthaiv ntshav. Nws them nyiaj yog compensated los ntawm cov taag xwb (ntau precisely, tsis tau tsiv mus nyob rau ntev mus) ions.

Cov ntshav nyob rau hauv semiconductors

Xav txog cov qauv kev ntshav physics, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv semiconductors qhov teeb meem no yog ntau ntau haiv neeg. Luv luv tuab nws. OCP rau cov tshuaj tej zaum yuav tshwm sim yog tias koj nkag mus rau lawv nyob rau hauv cov impurities. Yog hais tias lub impurity yooj yim pub electrons (hloov), ces muaj yog n-hom muaj - electrons. Yog hais tias lub impurity, rau hauv sib piv, yooj yim sau electrons (acceptors), ces muaj p-hom muaj - qhov (khoob qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm electrons), uas coj raws li hais uas muaj ib tug zoo xwb. Lub ob-feem ntshav yog tsim los ntawm electrons thiab qhov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv semiconductors txawm txoj kev yooj yim. Piv txwv li, nws los nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub siv lub teeb, bombarded nrog electrons los ntawm cov valence band mus rau lub conduction band. Nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob, electrons thiab qhov yog attracted rau txhua lwm yam, tej zaum yuav tsim ib tug ua txhua yam lub xeev, xws li cov hydrogen atom, - ib tug exciton, thiab yog hais tias lub twj tso kua mis siv thiab ceev ntawm excitons yog loj, lawv muab ua ke tsim tau ib cov nco electron-qhov kua. Tej zaum tus mob no yog ib tug tshiab lub xeev ntawm teeb meem.

gas ionization

Cov piv txwv xa mus rau tej tus neeg mob cov ntshav hauv lub xeev thiab ntshav nyob hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv no yog hu ua ionized roj. Los ntawm nws ionization yuav ua rau muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb: lub electric teb (cov roj paug, ib tug nroo), lub luminous flux (photoionization), ceev particle (tawg ntawm tej qhov chaw, cosmic rays, uas tau raug qhib thiab ascending degree ntawm ionization ntawm lub qhov siab). Txawm li cas los, lub ntsiab zoo tshaj yuav yog lub cua sov ntawm cov roj (thermal ionization). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub sib cais ntawm electrons los ntawm cov atom ua tsoo nrog rau lwm cov roj hais tom kawg muaj txaus kinetic zog vim kub.

High-kub thiab tsawg-kub ntshav

Tsawg-kub ntshav physics - ib yam dab tsi uas peb tuaj mus sib cuag txhua txhua hnub. Piv txwv li tej yam kev mob yuav tsum yog ib tug nplaim taws, lub tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov roj paug thiab xob laim, ntau hom kev mob khaub thuas ntshav qhov chaw (ionosphere thiab magnetosphere planets thiab cov hnub qub), cov ua hauj lwm tej yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv ntau cov kev pab kiag li lawm (MHD generators, ntshav xyaw, burners, thiab hais txog. N.) . Piv txwv ntawm kub ntshav - lub hnub qub cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau tag nrho cov ua sawv ntawm lawv evolution, tsuas yog thaum ntxov thaum yau thiab cov laus uas muaj hnub nyoog, ua hauj lwm kua nyob rau hauv lub nruab tshuaj tswj nuclear fusion (tokamak, laser ntaus ntawv, thiab beam apparatus al.).

Plaub lub xeev ntawm teeb meem

Ib nrab xyoo dhau los, muaj ntau yam physicists thiab chemists ntseeg uas muaj teeb meem muaj atoms thiab molecules. Lawv koom nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog tog twg los heev disordered los yog ntau tshaj los yog tsawg dua kom. Nws twb ntseeg hais tias muaj peb theem - gaseous, kua thiab khoom. Tshuaj noj lawv nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lwm yam kev mob.

Tam sim no, txawm li cas los, peb yuav hais tias muaj 4 lub xeev ntawm teeb meem. Hais tias ntshav yuav ntshai raws li ib tug tshiab, plaub. Nws txawv ntawm qhov condensed (khoom thiab kua) hais muaj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nws, raws li cov roj muaj tsis tsuas yog tus shear elasticity, tab sis kuj tsau tus kheej ntim. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, nyob rau hauv ntau nrog ntshav condensed xeev xub ntiag ntawm luv luv ntau kev txiav txim, piv txwv li. E. correlation txaus qhia thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tus hais nrog lub nyob sib ze ntshav xwb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, xws li ib tug correlation yog tsis generated los ntawm intermolecular thiab Coulomb rog: tus nqi pushes tam sim ntawd tus tib lub npe nrog nws tus kheej thiab cia li nkaum kiag tsis zoo li cov nqi.

ntshav physics twb peb luv luv rov los xyuas dua. Cov npe no yog heev hnyav, yog li peb thiaj tsuas tham txog yam uas peb tau uncovered nws lub hauv paus. ntshav physics, yeej tsim nyog kev ntsuam xyuas.