Qhov no yog lub luag hauj lwm thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov proteins nyob rau hauv lub cell. Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev ua ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv lub cell ua?

Protein - yog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov ntaub ntawv organic, tus xov tooj uas prevails tshaj tag nrho lwm yam macromolecules, uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub cell. Lawv ua ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm cov luj ntawm qhuav teeb meem ob nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj cov kab mob no. Lub zog ntawm ntau yam proteins uas cov cell, ib co kev uas yog tseem tsis paub hais tias kev kawm. Tseem, lub ntsiab lus qhia ntawm lawv cov "ua hauj lwm" zoo to taub. Ib txhia yuav tau mus txhawb kom dab nyob rau hauv lub hlwb thiab cov nqaij mos. Lwm yam tseem ceeb mineral compound yog kis los ntawm tus xovtooj ntawm membrane thiab cov hlab ntsha los ntawm ib tug hloov mus rau lwm lub. Ib txhia tiv thaiv lub cev tiv thaiv tsis txawv teb chaws pathogens feem ntau. Ib yam yog tseeb - tsis muaj tus protein tsis muab qhov chaw tsis muaj txheej txheem nyob rau hauv peb lub cev.

Lub ntsiab functions ntawm cov nqaijrog

Cov nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv lub cev ntau haiv neeg. Txhua pab pawg muaj ib tug meej tshuaj qauv, ua ib tug tshwj xeeb "ua hauj lwm". Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, ob peb hom ntawm cov nqaijrog uas txuam nrog txhua lwm yam. Lawv yog cov luag hauj lwm rau qhov sib txawv theem ntawm tib cov txheej txheem. Los yog muaj feem xyuam rau ib ob peb. Piv txwv li, lub ntxawg muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog yog mob los ntawm enzymes thiab cov tshuaj hormones. Qhov no tshwm sim muaj peev xwm yuav sawv cev, nws nco ntsoov cov hormone adrenaline. Nws tsim ib tug xav hais tias txheej ntawm cov qog adrenal. Tswv yim nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, nws tsub kom tus nqi ntawm cov pa nyob rau hauv cov ntshav. Ntawm lub nce thiab ntshav siab tsub kom qab zib cov ntsiab lus. Nws nkoos metabolism. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub adrenaline yog ib tug neurotransmitter ntawm poob siab system nyob rau hauv cov ntses, amphibians thiab cov tsiaj reptiles.

Lub enzymatic muaj nuj nqi

Heev heev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hlwb uas muaj sia nyob biochemical kev tig cev yog nqa tawm nyob rau high school kub thiab ib tug nruab nrab pH. Nyob rau hauv xws tej yam kev mob, tus nqi ntawm zaj yog heev me me, li ntawd tsim nyog tshwj xeeb catalysts paub enzymes. Tag nrho lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg ua ke rau hauv 6 chav kawm ntawv, uas txawv nyob rau hauv lawv tseem ntawm kev txiav txim. Enzymes yog tsim nyob rau hauv ribosomes nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Lawv txoj kev kawm muab kev koom tes science enzymology.

Undoubtedly, tsis muaj tus enzymes yuav tsis ua ntxawg proteins. Lawv muaj ib tug siab selectivity ntawm kev txiav txim. Lawv ua si yuav tsum yog tswj los ntawm activators thiab inhibitors. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, enzymes feem ntau muaj tseem muaj respect rau substrates. Tsis tas li ntawd enzymatic nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab nyob rau hauv kev nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Lawv khiav nyhuv siab acidic pH, kub, ionic lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj, i.e. lub concentration ntawm ntsev nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm.

Thauj muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog

Nyob rau hauv lub tawb yuav tsum nco ntsoov ua lub cev xav tau cov zaub mov thiab organic teeb meem. Lawv yuav tsum tau raws li lub tsev cov ntaub ntawv thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Tab sis lub mechanism ntawm lawv cov sij hawm tuaj yog heev tham. Cellular week muaj tsis tsuas yog ntawm proteins. Lom week yog lub tsev raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug muab ob npaug rau txheej ntawm lipids. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv ntau yam proteins uas kos. Nws tseem ceeb heev uas cov hydrophilic cheeb tsam yog nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub membrane, thiab hydrophobic - nyob rau hauv nws kem. Yog li, xws li ib tug qauv ua impermeable plhaub. Los ntawm nws tau tsis nyob rau lawv tus kheej, tsis muaj tus "pab" kom dhau xws tseem ceeb Cheebtsam, xws li suab thaj, amino acids thiab ions METOLIT. Nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasmic membrane mus rau hauv lub cytoplasm, lawv thauj tshwj xeeb cov nqaijrog, uas yog mounted nyob rau hauv lub lipid khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.

Thauj cov tshuaj los ntawm ib tug hloov mus rau lwm yam

Tab sis cov thauj muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog yog nqa tawm tsis tsuas yog ntawm lub intercellular tshuaj thiab lub cell. Ib txhia tseem ceeb physiological dab tsim nyog kom xa cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw los ntawm ib tug hloov mus rau lwm lub. Piv txwv li, cov thauj ntawm cov ntshav protein - ntshiab albumin. Nws yog endowed nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb muaj peev xwm tsim tau lub compound nrog fatty acids, uas yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov uas muaj roj, nrog tshuaj, raws li zoo raws li nrog steroid cov tshuaj hormones. Tseem ceeb cab kuj proteins kom muaj hemoglobin thiab (xa cov pa molecule) transferrin (txuas nrog hlau ions) thiab tseruplazmin (txoj kev ceg nrog tooj liab).

Taw muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog

Ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm physiological dab nyob rau hauv txoj multicellular kab mob muaj receptor proteins. Lawv yog mounted rau cov ntshav membrane. Lawv pab rau tsoov thiab seev suab ntau hom Pib ntsais koj teeb uas tuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug tas mus kwj ntawm cov hlwb tsis tsuas yog los ntawm ib sab ntaub so ntswg, tab sis kuj los ntawm lwm lub chaw nyob. Tam sim no, tej zaum cov feem ntau kawm receptor protein yog acetylcholine. Nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm interneuron hu rau tus xovtooj ntawm membrane.

Tab sis lub tswb muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog yog nqa tawm tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Muaj ntau cov tshuaj hormones khi rau tej receptors rau lawv nto. Tej daim ntawv cov kev twb kev txuas thiab yog ib lub teeb liab uas activates physiological dab nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm tej cov nqaijrog yog insulin, kuj nyob rau hauv lub adenylate cyclase system.

Tiv nuj nqi

Lub zog ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv ib lub cell yog cov sib txawv. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub cev lo lus teb. Nws tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm kab mob. Lub cev yuav teb tau txawv teb chaws cov neeg ua hauj qhia los ntawm cov synthesis ntawm ib tug loj heev tooj ntawm lymphocytes. Cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm ntawm xyua ua cov neeg sawv cev, lawv tej zaum yuav txawv teb chaws mus rau lub kab, xws li cov kab mob, supramolecular hais, los yog tej zaum nws yuav mob hlwb.

Ib tug ntawm cov pab pawg - "beta" lymphocytes - tsim proteins uas nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Lawv muaj ib tug heev interesting feature. Cov roj ntsha yuav tsum paub txog txawv teb chaws hlwb thiab macromolecules. Ces lawv koom nrog lawv, txoj kev ua ib tug complex uas yog yuav tsum tau muab rhuav pov tseg. Cov roj ntsha hu ua immunoglobulins. Sami alien Cheebtsam - nws antigens. Ib tug immunoglobulins, uas sib tau lawv - tshuaj.

qauv muaj nuj nqi

Nyob rau hauv lub cev, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus mas tshwj xeeb, tseem muaj cov yam ntxwv proteins. Lawv yog cov tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej tus neeg kho tshuab muaj zog. Cov zog ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv ib lub cell yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab khaws cia hluas zog tuaj lub cev. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws yog collagen. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab protein ntawm lub extracellular matrix ntawm connective ntaub so ntswg. Nyob rau hauv ntau dua tsiaj, nws yog li 1/4 ntawm tag nrho cov luj ntawm proteins. Tsim collagen nyob rau hauv fibroblasts, uas yog lub ntsiab hlwb ntawm connective ntaub so ntswg.

Tej zog ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv ib lub cell yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus collagen, paub lwm yam ntxwv protein - elastin. Nws tseem yog ib feem ntawm cov extracellular matrix. Elastin yog tau muab lub tau ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg stretch hauv tej yam kev txwv thiab yooj yim rov qab mus rau lub yeej zoo. Lwm cov piv txwv ntawm ib tug yam ntxwv protein - fibroin, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub silkworm kab. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab tivthaiv txhob lo lo ntxhuav thread.

lub cev muaj zog protein

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv lub cell tsis tau overemphasized. Lawv kuj coj ib feem nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm rau cov nqaij ntshiv. Nqaij contraction yog ib qho tseem ceeb muaj sia txheej txheem. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm qhov muab ua ATP macromolecules rau hauv tshuaj muaj zog. Ncaj qha kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem yog ob cov nqaijrog - actin thiab myosin.

Cov lub cev muaj zog protein yog threadlike molecules uas ua nyob rau hauv contractile skeletal leeg system. Lawv kuj pom nyob rau hauv uas tsis yog-nqaij ntaub so ntswg nyob rau hauv eukaryotic hlwb. Lwm cov piv txwv ntawm lub cev muaj zog cov nqaijrog - tubulin. Los ntawm nws ua microtubules, uas yog ib tug tseem ceeb ntawm flagella thiab cilia. Tsis tas li ntawd microtubules muaj tubulin kuaj nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm lub paj hlwb ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj.

tshuaj tua kab mob

Lossis loj tiv thaiv luag hauj lwm ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv lub cell. Ib feem ntawm nws nteg nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg, uas yog hu ua tshuaj tua kab mob. Cov no yog cov tshuaj ntawm tej yam ntuj tso keeb kwm, uas yog tsim, feem ntau yog cov kab mob, fungi me me, thiab lwm yam kab mob. Lawv tswj suppressing lub physiological kev ntawm lwm competing kab mob. Tus foundations ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob protein keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub 40s. Lawv tau revolutionized cov tshuaj, muab nws ib tug haib impetus rau txoj kev loj hlob.

Los ntawm lawv tshuaj xwm, tshuaj tua kab mob - ib tug heev ntau haiv neeg. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv lawv cov mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim. Ib txhia cuam tshuam nrog protein synthesis hauv hlwb, lub tom kawg thaiv zus tau tej cov tseem ceeb enzymes, inhibit qhov kev loj hlob ntawm lub thib peb, plaub - tu tub tu kiv. Piv txwv li, paub zoo tias streptomycin nrog ribosomes ntawm tus kab mob hlwb. Yog li, lawv dramatically slows cia lub synthesis ntawm proteins. Cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj tua kab mob tsis koom nrog eukaryotic ribosomes tib neeg lub cev. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov tshuaj tsis yog tshuaj lom rau siab tsiaj.

Qhov no yog tsis yog txhua txhua lub zog ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv ib lub cell. Rooj ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob tshuaj los mus txiav txim, thiab lwm yam mas tshwj xeeb tej yam uas cov kev natural tebchaw yog tau pheev rau cov kab mob thiab tsis yog. Tam sim no raws li nram no kawm tshuaj tua kab mob protein keeb kwm, uas nyob rau hauv kev sis raug zoo nrog DNA ua txhaum cov txheej txheem uas txuam nrog qhov kev siv ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv. Tab sis raws li ntev raws li xws li tshuaj yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv cov kws khomob ntawm cancer. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li ib cov tshuaj tua kab yam khoom uas yuav dactinomycin tsim actinomycetes.

toxins

Cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv lub cell ua cov kev ua ntawm ib tug heev meej thiab txawm eccentricity. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm nyob kab mob uas ua los ntawm cov tshuaj lom tuag - toxins. Los ntawm lawv qhov, yog cov nqaijrog thiab complex tsawg molecular yuag organic compound. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, ib tug lom mushroom sis plawv hniav tuag khob.

Spare thiab siav cov nqaijrog

Ib txhia cov nqaijrog ua raws li cov zaub mov embryos ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag. Muaj ntau cov piv txwv. Tus nqi ntawm cov protein nyob rau hauv lub cell cereal noob uas xa tuaj nrog nyob rau hauv nws. Lawv yuav noj rau cov kab ntawm cov nroj tsuag tawm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj cov zaub mov cov nqaijrog yog qe albumin thiab mis nyuj haus casein.

Unstudied protein zog

Qhov saum toj no piv txwv - tsuas yog qhov uas twb tau kawm txaus. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov xwm muaj cov tseem ntau mysteries. Cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm ntau hom cim, thiab tam sim no txawm nyuaj cais lawv. Piv txwv li, monellin - ib tug protein pom thiab raug rho tawm los ntawm African nroj tsuag. Nws qab qab qab zib, tab sis nws tsis ua rog thiab uas tsis yog-tshuaj lom. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nws yuav ua tau ib qho zoo heev hloov rau qab zib. Lwm cov piv txwv - ib tug protein nyob rau hauv ib co Arctic ntses, nws tiv thaiv khov ntawm cov ntshav, kuj ua dej ntsuab nyob rau hauv lub literal siab ntawm cov kev sib piv. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab tis resilin protein tebchaw nrhiav tau nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb, yuav luag zoo meej elasticity. Thiab hais tias yog tsis yog txhua txhua cov piv txwv ntawm yam uas yuav tsuas xyuas thiab cais.