Qhov loj tshaj plaws organics hlwb

Tshuaj cell lub koom haum muab rau lub xub ntiag ntawm ntau yam tshuaj thiab cov tebchaw. Yog li, nws tsim lub xub ntiag ntawm macro- thiab microelements, dej thiab mineral ntsev. Muaj nyob rau hauv lub cell thiab cov ntaub ntawv organic, qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm uas txiav txim nws lub zog. Cov tebchaw kuj muaj ib cov nyhuv rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug kab mob raws li ib tug tag nrho. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ib tug cog ntawm tes thiab ib tug tsiaj yog zoo tib yam rau lub atomic theem. muaj ib co sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov molecular theem.

Muaj ntau organic tshuaj hlwb yog yus nyob rau hauv hais tias lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xws li loj molecules (macromolecules). Feem ntau, lawv muaj rov qab ua dua zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv cov qauv kom tsawg-molecular tebchaw. Cov tebchaw yog txuas los ntawm ib tug covalent daim ntawv cog lus yog tsim thiab cov monomers. Lub monomers, nyob rau hauv lem, tsim ib tug qauv uas yog hu ua tus polymer.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws organics hlwb - yog cov rog, nucleic acids, carbohydrates thiab proteins.

cov nqaijrog

Lawv tau dab tsi rau txog kaum rau nees nkaum feem pua. Cov lus polymers muaj amino acids li monomers. Cov nqaijrog (nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lwm cov tebchaw) endowed nrog ib co teeb meem loj nta. Ua ntej, cov hlwb muaj organic tshuaj loj loj molecular ceeb thawj. Piv txwv li, lub molecular ceeb thawj los ntawm nqaij protein 15 00000 kDa, tab sis, rau piv txwv, ethyl cawv - 46.

Raws li ib feem ntawm lub polymers ntawm cov nqaijrog pom txog nees nkaum amino acids. Txhua yam ntawm lawv nws muaj nws tus kheej qauv, lub npe, lub zog. Amino acid molecule muaj ob qhov chaw. Ib feem yog tib yam rau tag nrho cov, thiab muaj xws li ib tug carboxylic acid pab pawg neeg thiab ib tug amino pab pawg neeg. Lwm tus ib feem yog sib txawv, thiab yog hu ua "radical".

Cov nqaijrog ua si ib lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib qhov chaw ntawm lub zog. Hauv lub hlwb zom rau amino acids cov tebchaw. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog siv rau cov protein synthesis, thaum lwm tus ib feem extends deep splitting txheej txheem. Thaum lub sij hawm lub caij nyoog kawg no thiab lub zog yog tso tawm.

carbohydrates

Cov organics hlwb comprise hydrogen, carbon, thiab oxygen. Tag nrho cov carbohydrates raug muab faib ua monosaccharides thiab polysaccharides. Ib tug muaj nuj nqis ntawm lub yav tas molecules yog kev cob cog rua nrog txhua lwm yam, tso dej. Yog li, ib tug polysaccharide.

Carbohydrates muaj nyob rau hauv lub muaj ntawm roj ntsha ntaub ntawv - cov nucleic acids.

lipids

Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li roj-zoo li tshuaj thiab nqaijrog ncaj qha. Lipids muaj ib tug txawv qauv. Txawm li cas los, lawv muaj tag nrho cov muab tej txiaj ntsim nrog tus zog. Lipids yog insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, yog li nkag soluble nyob rau hauv chloroform, benzene, ether thiab lwm yam organic kuab tshuaj.

Nqaijrog thiab roj zoo li tebchaw ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Cov kev faib ua feem ntawm lipid los ntawm qhuav nyhav - 5-15%. Yog li nyob rau hauv ib co hlwb cov ntsiab lus nce mus txog 90%. Rog yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov mammalian mis nyuj. Nyob rau hauv tus poj niam ntses taub ntswg ntev, piv txwv li, lub kev faib ua feem ntawm rog nyob rau hauv cov mis nyuj - txog 40%.

nucleic acids

Lub npe ntawm cov tebchaw yog muab tau los ntawm Latin lo lus "Nucleus" (nucleus). Cov tshuaj tau txheeb thiab cais Fridrihom Misherom ntawm nucleated hlwb. faib compound muaj xws li phosphorus thiab nitrogen Nyob rau hauv 1869, lub xyoo ntawm Swiss biochemist.

Nucleic acids muaj molecular yuag tebchaw. Lawv kom cov preservation thiab kis tau tus mob ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob. Cov biopolymers yog tsim ntawm monomer units ntawm nucleotides, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug loj npaum li cas. Nucleotides txiav txim seb lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug nyob kab mob.

DNA - polymeric molecule, uas muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm monomers - deoxyribonucleotides. RNA yog ib tug polymer. Lub monomer therein protrudes ribonucleotide.