Qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub receptor sensor tshuab. Lub ntsiab functions ntawm lub cell receptors

Cov tib neeg lub paj hlwb ua sophisticated analytical thiab hluavtaws dab uas muab ib tug ceev ceev adaptation ntawm nruab nrog cev thiab tshuab rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv sab nraud thiab sab hauv ib puag ncig. Lub xaav ntawm stimuli los ntawm cov ib puag ncig yog vim cov qauv nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm afferent neurons, glial-muaj hlwb oligodendrocytes los yog lemmotsity. Lawv tig mus rau sab nraud los yog sab hauv stimuli nyob rau hauv bioelectric phenomena, hu ua excitation, los yog paj lam ua. Tej lug yog hu ua receptors. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb kawm txog tej qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm receptors ntawm ntau yam tib neeg piav thoob hlo systems.

Hom paj txoj

Nyob rau hauv lub cev, muaj ntau ntau systems ntawm cais. Cov feem ntau receptors raug muab faib ua tej yam yooj yim (xws li ib tug neuron ntoo) thiab complex (pab pawg neeg ntawm koom haum pab neurocytes thiab glial hlwb nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg heev tshwj xeeb piav thoob hlo hloov khoom nruab nrog). Raws li cov qauv piav thoob hlo dab. lawv muab faib ua thawj thiab kawg centripetal neurocyte. Cov no muaj xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm receptors nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij: lub nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, baroreceptors, thermoreceptors thiab neural dab uas innervate lub hauv nruab nrog cev. Secondary epithelial derivatives yog tsim muaj ib qho kev txiav txim tej zaum nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau ib tug stimulus (saj receptors, lub rooj sib hais, tshuav nyiaj li cas). Cov rods thiab cones ntawm lub photosensitive txheej ntawm lub qhov muag - cov retina - nyob rau hauv ib nrab txoj hauj lwm ntawm vtorichnochuvstvitelnymi ntawm feem ntau thiab paj txoj.

Lwm kev faib system yog raws li nyob rau hauv no sib txawv, raws li ib yam ntawm cov stimulus. Yog hais tias voos los ntawm cov ib puag ncig, ces nws yog dab tsi exteroreceptors (xws li suab, tsw tsw ntxhiab). Ib tug stimulation ntawm lub sab hauv cheeb tsam yam analyzed interoreceptors: visceral, proprioceptors, vestibular plaub hau hlwb. Yog li, sensor tshuab receptor muaj nuj nqi vim lawv cov qauv thiab qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim hauv nruab nrog cev.

Lub tswvyim ntawm analyzers

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav qha thiab paub qhov txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov sab nraud ib puag ncig thiab hloov mus rau nws, nyob rau hauv tib neeg, muaj kev tshwj xeeb anatomical thiab physiological lug hu ua analyzer, los yog sensor tshuab. Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij I. P. Pavlov npaj raws li nram no tswvyim rau lawv cov vaj tse. Tus thawj department twb hu ua peripheral (receptor). Ob - nyob ntawm tej, thiab lub thib peb - cov central los yog cortical.

Piv txwv li, lub nrig txog kev pom sensor system muaj xws li retinal piav thoob hlo hlwb - rods thiab cones, ob optic paj thiab cortex nyob rau hauv sab nraum qab ntawm nws.

Ib txhia analyzers, xws li cov twb hais nrig txog kev pom thiab hnov muaj xws li doretseptorny theem - tej yam anatomical lug, kev txhim kho xaav kom txaus stimuli. Rau no hnov txheej thiab nruab nrab pob ntseg, mus rau lub nrig txog kev pom system - lub teeb refracting feem ntawm lub qhov muag, xws li lub sclera, aqueous lom zem ntawm lub anterior chamber, lens, vitreous lub cev. Peb yuav tsom ntsoov rau cov peripheral ib feem ntawm lub analyzer thiab teb cov lus nug txog dab tsi muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub receptors teej tug mus rau nws.

Raws li hlwb perceive stimuli

Cov week (los yog nyob rau hauv lub cytosol) yog tshwj xeeb molecules ua los ntawm cov nqaijrog, raws li zoo raws li txoj tshuab - glycoproteins. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb, tej yam no hloov lawv spatial configuration li ib lub teeb liab mus rau lub cell thiab rog mus rau teb txaus.

Ib txhia tshuaj hu ua ligands, yuav cuam tshuam rau piav thoob hlo kev ntawm lub cell, uas ua nyob rau hauv nws muaj transmembrane ion currents. Cov nqaijrog plasmalemma muaj hos zog, ua ke nrog carbohydrate molecules (.. Ie receptors) muaj nuj nqi raws li annten - perceive thiab qha ligands.

ionotropic raws

Lwm hom cell receptors - ionotropic raws nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias, muaj peev xwm qhib los yog sim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov tshuaj teeb liab vesschestv piv txwv H-acetylcholine receptor, vasopressin, thiab insulin receptors.

Los ntawm intracellular hos lug xws li transcription yam, uas khi rau lub ligand, thiab ces mus rau mus rau hauv lub nucleus. Tebchaw ntawd tsim nrog ib tug DNA uas txhim khu los yog inhibit qhov kev transcription ntawm ib los yog ntau tshaj cov noob. Yog li, lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub cell receptors - lub xaav ntawm cov ib puag ncig Pib ntsais koj teeb thiab kev cai ntawm yas pauv tshua.

Rods thiab cones: qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi

Cov receptors retina li cas rau nrig txog kev pom stimuli - photons, uas ua rau paj txoj nyob rau hauv lub excitation txheej txheem. Lawv muaj tshwj xeeb pigments: iodopsin (cones) thiab rhodopsin (rods). Sticks khaus crepuscular lub teeb thiab tsis tau paub qhov txawv ntawm cov xim. Cones yog lub luag hauj lwm rau pom xim thiab muab faib ua peb hom, txhua tus uas muaj ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib photopigment. Yog li, ob lub qhov muag receptor muaj nuj nqi nyob ntawm seb ntawm lub teeb-sensitive cov nqaijrog, nws muaj xws li. Coli ua nrig txog kev pom kev xaav nyob rau hauv tsawg lub teeb thiab cones yog lub luag hauj lwm rau nrig txog kev pom acuity thiab xim xaav.

Tawv - kev txiav txim zoo hloov khoom nruab nrog

Paj xaus ntawm neurons muaj nyob rau hauv lub dermis, txawv nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv thiab teb rau ntau yam stimuli ntawm qhov chaw: kub, siab, nto lawm. Tso daim tawv nqaij receptors - tau txais thiab txia stimuli rau hauv hluav taws xob pulses (tsav tsheb txheej txheem). Yuav kom lub siab receptors muaj xws li Meissner lub corpuscles, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab txheej ntawm daim tawv nqaij - lub dermis muaj peev xwm ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug kev hloov maj mam stimuli (muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj rhiab heev Harbor).

Los ntawm baroreceptors yog Pacinian corpuscles. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub subcutaneous rog. receptor muaj nuj nqi - nociceptor mob - ib tug tiv thaiv tawm tsam pathogenic stimuli. Tsis tas li ntawd, xws paj txoj ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hauv nruab nrog cev thiab muaj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm afferent branching tua. Thermoreceptors yuav ua tau ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij thiab hauv nruab nrog cev - cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub hauv paus poob siab system. Lawv cov dej num raws li thaum tshav kub kub thiab txias.

Cov kev ua ntawm cov piav thoob hlo txoj yuav muab ntau zog, nyob ntawm seb cov kev taw qhia thiab ceev uas cov kub hloov ntawm daim tawv nqaij saum npoo av. Li ntawd, cov kev khiav dej num ntawm daim tawv nqaij receptors yog varied thiab nyob ntawm seb lawv cov qauv.

Lub mechanism ntawm xaav ntawm hnov stimuli

Exteroreceptors - cov plaub hau hlwb, uas muaj siab rhiab heev tsim nyog stimuli - suab tsis. Lawv hu ua monomodal thiab yog vtorichnochuvstvitelnymi. Nyob rau hauv lub nruab nrog cev ntawm Corti ntawm lub inner pob ntseg, nkag mus rau hauv lub cochlea.

Nyob rau ntaus ntawv qhov hloov ntawm Corti yog zoo li tus harp. Hnov receptors kos nyob rau hauv lub perilymph thiab muaj, rau hauv lub xaus ntawm lub microvilli ntawm cov pab pawg neeg. kua oscillations ua voos plaub hau hlwb, dua mus rau hauv bioelectric phenomena - paj impulses, piv txwv li lub rooj sib hais receptor muaj nuj nqi - .. yog lub xaav ntawm Pib ntsais koj teeb muaj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub suab tsis, thiab lawv transformation mus rau hauv excitation txheej txheem.

Tiv tauj saj receptors

Peb txhua tus muaj ib tug nyiam rau cov zaub mov thiab dej haus cawv. Flavoring scale zaub mov peb paub los ntawm txoj kev hloov khoom nruab nrog ntawm saj - lus. Nws muaj plaub hom paj txoj laus raws li nram no: qhov ntxeev ntawm tus nplaig - gustatory papillae paub qhov txawv qab zib, nyob rau hauv nws cov hauv paus hniav - lub ntsim, qaub thiab qab ntsev thiab paub qhov txawv receptors sidewalls. Stimuli rau tag nrho cov hom ntawm receptor molecule txoj yog tshuaj microvilli ntaus nqi saj buds, ib tug kav hlau txais xov.

Saj receptor muaj nuj nqi - txhais tshuaj stimulus thiab hloov nws mus rau hauv ib qho hluav taws xob mem tes los neurotransmission nyob rau hauv saj cortex. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias lub txiv mis yog ua khub nrog cov paj xaus ntawm qhov olfactory analyzer, nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntswg mucosa. Lub neej coj nyhuv ntawm ob sensor tshuab intensifies mouthfeel thiab enriches tib neeg.

kev txhiaj txhais ntawm tsis hnov tsw

Raws li zoo raws li lub saj, olfactory system teb rau lawv paj txoj rau lub lwg me me ntawm txawv tshuaj. Tus heev mechanism uas odorous tebchaw thab plaub lub olfactory noob, thaum tsis qoos taub. Zaum theorize hais tias taw molecules nrog txawv tsw piav thoob hlo neurons ntawm lub qhov ntswg mucosa. Lwm yam kev soj ntsuam tau txuas stimulation ntawm olfactory receptors uas taw molecules muaj ib qho functional pawg (e.g., aldehyde los yog phenol) nrog tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub piav thoob hlo neuron.

olfactory receptor muaj nuj nqi yog nyob rau hauv lub xaav ntawm voos, thiab nws cov ntau yam zoo nyob rau hauv neeg txhais lus nyob rau hauv lub excitation txheej txheem. Tag nrho cov olfactory qhov muag teev nyob rau hauv lub mucosa ntawm lub qhov ntswg kab noj hniav nce mus txog 60 lab txhua tus uas yog muab nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cilia, mus pab ua rau kom lub zuag qhia tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm cov receptor teb ntawm molecules nrog tshuaj - tsw.

Lub paj xaus ntawm qhov vestibular apparatus

Nyob rau hauv lub inner pob ntseg yog lub cev lub luag hauj lwm rau cov kev sib koom tes thiab sib xws ntawm lub cev muaj zog ua, lub cev kom muaj ib lub xeev ntawm equilibrium, raws li zoo raws li kev koom tes nrog nyob rau hauv lub orientation reflex. Nws muaj views ntawm lub semicircular canals hu ua labyrinth thiab anatomically kev cob cog rua nrog lub nruab nrog cev ntawm Corti. Lub peb raws yog pob txha paj txoj raus nyob rau hauv lub endolymph. Thaum lub qaij ntawm lub taub hau thiab npog tas ib ce, nws fluctuates, uas ua rau voos ntawm cov paj txoj rau hauv lub xaus.

Sami vestibular receptors - cov plaub hau hlwb - mus rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov daim nyias nyias. Nws yog li ntawm zoo muaju ntawm calcium carbonate - otolith. Ua ke nrog endolymph, lawv kuj pib yuav tawm mus, uas yog ib tug irritant mus rau lub paj dab. Lub ntsiab functions ntawm lub semicircular canals ntawm lub receptor nyob ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob: nyob rau hauv lub hnab nws teb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus thiab tswj qhov nqi koj tshuav ntawm lub taub hau thiab lub cev so. Piav thoob hlo kaw nyob rau hauv ampoules equilibrium hloov hloov tswj taw ntawm lub cev qhov chaw (dynamic lub ntiajteb txawj nqus).

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub receptor nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm neural circuits

Puas muaj cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm reflexes, xws li los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm Descartes thiab siv discoveries I. P. Pavlova thiab I. M. Sechenova, yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm neural kev ua si raws li cov txaus teb ntawm tus kab mob mus kis rau stimuli sab nraud thiab sab hauv ib puag ncig, nqa tawm nrog kev koom tes ntawm lub hauv paus poob siab system - lub paj hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum. Txawm cov lus teb, raws li tej yam yooj yim raws li ib tug hauv caug-jerk, los yog ib tug foob pob ua ntxaij xws li kev hais lus, cim xeeb los yog kev xav, nws yog ib lub thawj txuas txais tos - xaav thiab kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm stimuli raws li lawv lub zog, amplitude, siv.

Tej ntau yam yog nqa tawm piav thoob hlo systems uas I. P. Pavlov hu ua "tentacles ntawm lub paj hlwb." Txhua analyzer receptor zog raws li antennas uas tuaj tos stimuli thiab probing ntawm qhov chaw: lub teeb los yog suab tsis, molecules tshuaj, lub cev yam. Physiologically qub kev ua si tsis muaj kev zam piav thoob hlo systems nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cov thawj division, hu ua peripheral, los yog receptor. Los ntawm nws xeeb tsis muaj kev zam, cov reflex arc (reflexes).

kev sib kho

Qhov no biologically active tshuaj, ua cov kev hloov ntawm excitation los ntawm ib tug neuron mus rau lwm tshwj xeeb lug - synapses. Lawv secreted los ntawm axon thawj neurocyte thiab acting li ib tug stimulus, ua paj impulses mus rau lub receptor kawg ntawm lub tom ntej no paj ntawm tes. Yog li ntawd, cov qauv thiab cov kev ua ntawm neurotransmitters thiab receptors yog zoo txuas. Ntxiv mus, ib co neurocytes muaj peev xwm ntawm tso ob los yog ntau tshaj transmitters, e.g., glutamic thiab aspartic acid, adrenaline thiab GABA.