Phagocytosis - yog dab tsi? Yuav ua li cas yog lub essence ntawm phagocytosis? theem ntawm phagocytosis

Yog li ntawd, phagocytosis - yog dab tsi? Wb sim kom to taub lub ntsiab txhais ntawm no lub sij hawm. Lo lus "phagocytosis" originated los ntawm ob Greek morpheme - phagos (devouring) thiab kytos (cell). International Medical term phagokytosis, tsis zoo li russified muaj kawg osis, uas translates los ntawm Greek raws li "txoj kev" los yog "phenomenon". Yog li, qhov no txhais lus txhais tau tias tus txheej txheem ntawm paub ntawm txawv teb chaws neeg sawv cev kev hlwb, kas zog thereto, capture thiab haum nrog tom ntej cleavage. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm uas peb yuav tham txog lub essence ntawm phagocytosis. peb tseem tham txog dab tsi yog qhov phagocytes, xav txog cov kauj ruam thiab nrhiav qhov sib txawv ntawm tiav thiab tsis tiav phagocytosis.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm tshwj xeeb me me hlwb

Cov koj Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij - II Mechnikov nyob rau hauv 1882 - 1883 xyoo. ua thwmsim rau lub intracellular plab zom mov, kev kawm tshab kab ntawm lub hiav txwv cov hnub qub. Tus paub txog xav seb puas yuav nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv multicellular kab mob muaj peev xwm mus ntes cov zaub mov cov hlwb. Thiab zom nws zoo, raws li ua lub protozoa xws li amoeba. I. I. Mechnikov siv cov kev: los nkag rau hauv lub cev ntawm lub kab ntawm carmine hmoov thiab saib nyob ib ncig ntawm cov me me ntshav-liab nplej loj hlob cell phab ntsa. Lawv ntes thiab nqos xim. Ces tus paub txog ib tug hypothesis hais tias nyob rau hauv tej kab mob yuav tsum muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb kev tiv thaiv lub hlwb, uas yuav nqus tau thiab zom lwm tus teeb meem rau lub cev. Yuav kom paub meej tias lawv hypothesis, tus zaum siv cov liab spikes, uas yog nkag tau rau hauv lub cev ntawm lub kab ntawm cov ntses hnub qub. Tej lub sij hawm tom qab ntawd, tus neeg tshawb fawb pom tias lub hlwb yog surrounded los ntawm pos, sim rau counter "kab" thiab nias rau lawv. Cov kev tiv thaiv hais nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm lub kab, ib tus paub txog hu ua phagocytes. Los ntawm no qhia I. I. Mechnikov phagocytosis. Nyob rau hauv 1883, nws qhia nws foundations mus rau lub xya Congress ntawm Lavxias teb sab naturalists. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, tus paub txog txuas ntxiv mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no kev taw qhia, tsim ib tug sib piv pathology mob, raws li tau zoo raws li lub phagocytic kev tshawb xav ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv 1908, ua ke nrog tus paub txog Paul Ehrlich, nws txais cov Nobel nqi zog rau lawv ib qho tseem ceeb lom tshawb fawb.

Cov tshwm sim ntawm phagocytosis - yog dab tsi?

I. I. Mechnikov saib thiab kawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm phagocytosis nyob rau hauv tus tiv thaiv tshua ntawm tib neeg thiab ntau dua cov tsiaj. Zaum tau pom hais tias qhov no txheej txheem plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub zoo ntawm ntau yam heev. Lom encyclopedic phau ntawv txhais lus muab cov nram qab no txhais. Phagocytosis yog nquag gripping, thiab qhov haum ntawm txawv teb chaws tej khoom xws li cov kab mob, thiab cell tawg tsam microfungi, unicellular kab mob los yog tej hlwb (phagocytes), muaj nyob rau hauv tej multicellular kab mob. Yuav ua li cas yog lub essence ntawm phagocytosis? Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws yog tus hiob daim ntawv kev tiv thaiv multicellular kab mob. Cov tib neeg tsis muaj zog ua tau hauj lwm phagocytosis kuj plays ib tug tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm. Nws yog tus thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mus rau lub qhia txog ntawm ib ntau yam ntawm cov kab mob, kab mob thiab lwm yam txawv teb chaws cov neeg ua hauj. Phagocytes pheej circulate thoob plaws hauv lub cev, searching rau "kab". Thaum lub teb chaws neeg sawv cev yog tias, lub thwj toob ntawm nws nrog receptors. Whereupon phagocyte kab absorbs thiab txav nws.

Ob tug tseem ceeb ntawm kev me me hlwb - "defenders"

Phagocytes yog ib txwm nquag thiab npaj txhij txhua lub sij hawm los hais txog qhov chaw kab mob. Lawv muaj ib tug tej yam autonomy, vim hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm nqa tawm lawv zog, tsis tsuas hauv tab sis kuj sab nraum lub cev: rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub qog ua kua week thiab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm puas cov ntaub so ntswg. Tib neeg phagocytes nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov hauj lwm zoo, zaum no muab faib ua ob pawg - lub "kev" thiab "unprofessional". Tus thawj yog cov monocytes, qe, macrophages, mast hlwb, dendritic hlwb thiab cov ntaub so ntswg. Qhov loj mobile phagocytic hlwb yog cov qe ntshav dawb - dawb ntshav hlwb. Lawv mus txawv teb chaws mus rau lub inflammatory kom pom tseeb thiab siv kev tiv thaiv zog. Phagocytosis yuav cov nrhiav kom tau ntawm leukocytes, haum thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm alien khoom, raws li zoo raws li nws tus kheej tuag lawm los yog puas hlwb. Tom qab ua lawv zog ntawm cov qe ntshav dawb tsiv mus nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, thiab tseem rau circulate nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, thiab lwm yam - mus yauv kev puas ntsoog los yog dystrophic hloov. "Unprofessional" pab pawg neeg muaj fibroblasts thiab reticular endothelial hlwb, uas muaj tsawg phagocytic kev ua si.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm phagocytosis: thawj theem

Xav txog yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tswj teeb meem kab mob. Zaum qhia plaub theem ntawm phagocytosis. Tus thawj yog ib tug convergence: phagocyte nce mus rau txawv teb chaws yam khoom. Qhov no yog tog twg los vim lo kev sib tsoo los yog raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub active directional zog - chemotaxis. Nws muaj ob hom ntawm chemotaxis - zoo (ntawm phagocytes) thiab tsis zoo (lub zog ntawm phagocytes). Feem ntau, zoo chemotaxis nqa mus rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg kev puas tsuaj, raws li zoo raws li tshwm sim los ntawm microbes thiab lawv cov zaub mov.

So phagocytes mus rau ib tug txawv teb chaws neeg sawv cev

Tom qab convergence kletki "protector" siab phem particle ntawm lub thib ob theem pib. Nws yog raws li. Phagocyte mus txog cov kev kawm txog rau nws thiab txuas. Piv txwv li, cov ntshav dawb, uas tuaj txog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm o thiab adherent rau cov hlab phab ntsa, tsis txhob tawg tam sim ntawd los ntawm nws, txawm dua li cov loj txaus tshaj tawm. adhesion mechanism yog ua los ntawm qhov chaw them nyiaj phagocyte. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, nws yog yam tsis zoo, thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom phagocyte yog zoo them. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, muaj yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws adhesion. Tsis zoo them hais, piv txwv li, qog, yog yuav los ntawm phagocytes ho zuj zus. Txawm li cas los, muaj raws li tej hais. Nws yog ua tiav dhau ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm mucopolysaccharides, uas twb muaj lawm rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm phagocytes week raws li los ntawm kev txo lub viscosity ntawm lub cytoplasm thiab enveloping whey txawv teb chaws neeg sawv cev.

Qhov thib peb theem ntawm phagocytosis

Tom qab txuas mus rau txawv teb chaws yam khoom phagocyte pib nws haum, uas yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev. Thaum lub taw tes rau ntawm ib tug txawv teb chaws yam khoom plhaub, thiab ces tus kwv yog twv mus rau hauv lub cell. Yog li tus kwv raug kaw cov dawb npoo ntawm daim nyias nyias, thiab nws thiaj li tu vacuole tsim, muaj hauv ib lub pliaj particle. Qhov thib ob haum txoj kev - qhov tshwm sim ntawm pseudopodia, txawv teb chaws hais thiab enveloping interlocking rau lawv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lawv xa tuaj nrog nyob rau hauv vacuoles hauv hlwb. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm pseudopodia phagocytes nqus microfungi. Retraction los yog enveloping siab phem yam khoom ua tau vim hais tias lub plhaub yog muab tej txiaj ntsim phagocyte contractile zog.

Intracellular cleavage ntawm "kab"

Qhov thib plaub theem yuav lub phagocytosis ntawm intracellular digestion. Qhov no tshwm sim raws li nram no. Lub vacuole muaj txawv teb chaws hais xws li lysosomes muaj complex ntawm digestive enzymes yog tshuab txais thiab poured. Qhov no ua ib qho chaw nyob rau hauv uas cleavage tshwm sim tau yooj yim lom macromolecules ribonuclease, amylase, protease thiab lipase. Vim activates enzymes zom cov zaub mov thiab kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim, thiab ces qhov kev tso tawm ntawm vacuole degradation khoom. Tam sim no uas koj paub tias dab tsi cov plaub theem ntawm phagocytosis. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub cev yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv theem: thawj yog convergence phagocyte thiab kwv, ces attraction, i.e. arrangement ntawm pliaj hais rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub "Defender", thiab tom qab ntawd - qhov haum thiab kev zom ntawm cov kab.

Uas ua tsis tiav thiab ua kom tiav phagocytosis. Yuav ua li cas yog lawv cov kev sib txawv?

Nyob ntawm seb dab tsi yuav ua tau lub txiaj ntsim ntawm intracellular zom cov zaub mov ntawm txawv teb chaws hais, ob hom zoo tu qab tso - kom tiav thiab tsis tiav phagocytosis. Tus thawj yam khoom yog ua kom tiav tiav kev puas tsuaj thiab tshem tawm ntawm cov degradation cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Uas ua tsis tiav phagocytosis - yog dab tsi? Lub sij hawm txhais tau tias lub alien hlwb yog absorbed los ntawm phagocytes, nyob twj ywm siv tau. Lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom puas lub vacuole, los yog siv nws li ib tug "av" rau yug me nyuam rau. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm tsis tiav phagocytosis yog ib tug gonococcal uptake nyob rau hauv lub cev, uas muaj tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv rau lawv. Thaum tsis tiav pathogens los ntawm phagocytosis ntawm phagocytes muab cia rau hauv, thiab ri mus thoob lub cev. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm tus tiv thaiv mechanism ntawm phagocytosis ua ib tug neeg xyuas pib ntawm tus kab mob, pab kab rau kis thiab multiply.

Ua rau intracellular zom cov zaub mov cov txheej txheem

Phagocytosis txhaum tshwm sim vim hais tias ntawm tsis xws luag nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm phagocytes raws li cov hluav ntawm cov kev ua ntawm mobile kletok- "protectors". Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug phiv hloov nyob rau hauv lub intracellular zom tejzaum vim raws roj ntsha cov kab mob, xws li cov kab mob thiab Alder Chedyaka-Higashi. Kev ua txhaum tsim ntawm phagocytes, xws li lwm cov leukocytes, feem ntau tshwm sim thaum hluav taws xob kis los yog vim roj ntsha neutropenia. Hluav kev ua ntawm phagocytes kuj yuav tshwm sim vim tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm tej yam cov tshuaj hormones, electrolytes thiab vitamins. Tsis tas li ntawd glycolytic toxins thiab microbial toxins adversely cuam tshuam lub hauj lwm ntawm phagocytes. Peb cia siab tias, los ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm, koj yuav tau yooj yim teb rau lo lus nug: "Phagocytosis - yog dab tsi?". Hmoov zoo!