Nyob tshuaj tiv thaiv: hauj lwm, hom, efficiency thiab cov kev siv ntawm

Tsim active kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv tej yam kab mob yuav pab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tam sim no, qhov no txoj kev yog pom zoo raws li qhov zoo tshaj los pab tiv thaiv cov kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam pathologies ntawm hnyav kab mob, kab mob thiab kis xwm. Cov nyob tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav pab tau tsim ntev-kawg nkaus kev tiv thaiv. Qhov no daim ntawv npaj rau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj ib co zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo uas txhua tus yuav tsum yuav ntsib.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov nyob tshuaj tiv thaiv?

Yuav kom tsim nyob cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thov attenuated kab mob los ntawm pathogenic cov kab mob uas pib proliferate ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj. Tej txhais tau tias tag nrho khaws lawv immunogenic zog. Soj ntsuam ces ntawm tus kab mob txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv uas nyob cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tsis tau (nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob). Qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ua rau yus mus rau tsim ntawm kuj ruaj khov tiv thaiv kab mob: lub humoral, cellular thiab secretory.

Tau tsis muaj zog txaus (attenuated) hom yuav ua tau vim inactivation ntawm cov noob uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub virulence ntawm lub microorganism. Rau cov inactivation kev siv tshuaj thiab lub cev los. Muaj ntau nyob cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua nyob rau hauv qhuav daim ntawv no. Qhov no ua rau nws tau mus cuag lawv cov txee lub neej. Qaug nyob cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum khaws cia rau ntau tshaj li 12 lub hlis ntawm ib tug muab kub (2-8 ° C). tej zaum nws yog txaus yuav ua kom paub cov tshuaj ib zaug los ua ib tug pheej kev tiv thaiv.

Ib tug ntau yam ntawm nyob cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog divergent tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv lawv siv siv kab mob uas yog zoo txog rau kab mob pathogens, tab sis tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj mob tus kab mob. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm tej tshuaj tiv thaiv - xav koob tshuaj BCG, nws yog tau los ntawm bovine tuberculosis mycobacteria.

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Piv nrog rau uas tsis yog-nyob cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tshuaj nrog teeb meem kab mob attenuated hom muaj ob peb qhov tsav:

• Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus koob tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj.
• Ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tiv thaiv.
• Muaj ntau txoj kev qhia mus rau hauv tus kab mob.
• Maximum ntuj immunogenicity.
• High efficiency (yog tias siv kom yog yog).
• Tsis tshua muaj nqi.
• Tsis neeg ntawm preservatives.
• Kom txhua hom ntawm kev tiv thaiv.

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm nyob cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Raws li cov kws tshwj xeeb attenuated kab mob los ntawm pathogenic microorganisms uas yog siv los tsim hom tshuaj tiv thaiv uas yuav ua rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob no (tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim). Qhov no yog ntaus nqi mus rau hauv lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg mob tsis hnov kev tiv thaiv.

Cov nyob tshuaj tiv thaiv yog rhiab heev rau kub hloov. Yog li ntawd, qhov tsis zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub cev yog yuav luag inevitable yog hais tias tus negligence tau ua nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb cia thiab tsheb thauj mus los ntawm cov tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd puas yog li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav kiag li poob lawv muaj peev xwm tsis ua kiag li tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tus kab mob.

Cov kws kho mob pom zoo kom yuav tsum tsis txhob muab ib tug nyob tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog lwm yam tshuaj rau grafting. Txwv tsis pub, tej zaum koj yuav tsim kev phiv tshuaj ntawm tus kab mob los yog tus neeg saib xyuas yuav tsis tau nws cov hauj lwm zoo.

Cov nyob tshuaj tiv thaiv polio

Loj kab mob yog polio, uas muaj feem xyuam rau lub paj hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum. Lub pathology ua rau hlab hlwb puas tsuaj thiab tuag tes tuag taw. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, ib tug nyob tshuaj tiv thaiv (OPV) yog tsim los ntawm kws tshawb fawb, tau tiv thaiv tib neeg los ntawm qhov no txaus ntshai tus kab mob.

Lub txhais tau tias muaj nyob rau hauv cov kua daim ntawv thiab yog npaj rau qhov ncauj thawj coj. Nws muaj ib tug ntsim-qab ntsev saj, thiab yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv ib tug landfill yog qhia kom tsis txhob sib cuag nrog cov tshuaj rau tus nplaig. Cov tshuaj yuav tsum mus rau amygdala (muaj tsis muaj saj buds), uas yuav pib lub tsim ntawm ruaj khov muaj zog. Txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ib tug nyob qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog pom zoo tom qab siv kev mob ua npaws.

Raws li kev txheeb xyuas immunologists tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj tag nrho peb hom mob polio lawm, uas yuav pab tiv thaiv lub cev tiv thaiv tag nrho cov paub variations ntawm tus kab mob no. Teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj no tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua muaj. Txawm li cas los, muaj ntau yam cov niam cov txiv ua kom tsis txhob txhaj tshuaj rau tus me nyuam nrog tshuaj tiv thaiv no.

Yuav ua li cas yog nws ua hauj lwm?

Sabin tshuaj tiv thaiv (OPV) tom qab nkag mus rau hauv lub cev tas mus li muab cia rau hauv cov hnyuv thiab ua rau tsim ntawm kev tiv thaiv, zoo ib yam li ib tug uas yuav tsim tom qab tus kab mob no. Tus thawj txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nqa tawm thaum lub hnub nyoog ntawm 6 lub hlis. Pre-cov me nyuam txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ib tug mob tshuaj tiv thaiv ob zaug - nyob rau hauv 3 thiab 4.5 lub hlis. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, peb yuav tsum pib mus ua tshuaj muaj peev xwm ntawm paub thiab tiv thaiv lub cev tiv thaiv cov pathogen. Nyob polio tshuaj tiv thaiv nkoos zus tau tej cov interferon, uas kuj muaj ib tug zoo ntxim rau cov tsis muaj zog.

Xyuas

Thaum lub sij hawm cov kev tshawb fawb nws pom hais tias ntau npaum li cas nraaj kev mob ua npaws OPV tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov kws kho mob pom zoo kom yuav tsum tau xeem kom dhau tag nrho cov tswvyim ntawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tus mob polio thiab cov yuav tsum tau siv nyob attenuated tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm cov niam cov txiv yog nyob rau hauv tsis muaj hurry mus pom zoo rau cov kev siv ntawm cov tshuaj no. Qhov no yog vim txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev phiv: tshuaj tiv thaiv tus mob polio, kub taub hau, chim siab nws lub rooj zaum, tsis nov ntawm nqaij tawv nyob rau hauv lub nqua, moj yam ntxaug.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, kev siv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob yuav ntxias phiv tshua. Txawm li cas los, xws li mob tsis tshua kaw. Tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam cov me nyuam yug los nrog immunodeficiency, congenital txawv txav ntawm tus mob huam los yog muaj tsis muaj zog txaus tiv thaiv system, piv txwv li tom qab kev txom nyem ib tug loj heev kev mob nkeeg. Nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob, pub siv xwb ua npaws tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Yuav ua li cas los tiv thaiv tiv thaiv qhua pias?

Measles yog ib co kab mob, uas muaj peev xwm kis tau tus mob nrog ib tug neeg twg, tsis hais poj niam txiv neej thiab muaj hnub nyoog. Raws li ib tug me nyuam, cov pathology yog kis yooj yim npaum li. Yuav kom tsim kev tiv thaiv yuav nyob qhua pias tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ib leeg-tivthaiv tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm domestic chaw tsim tshuaj paus. Tsis tas li ntawd zoo yog suav tias yog Indian-ua tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug qhuav hmoov, uas yog diluted nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb kuab. Npaj txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau muab cia tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ib teev. Immunization nrog ib tug monovalent tshuaj tiv thaiv tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tus kab mob, los yog mus rau cov hloov nws nyob rau hauv ib qho yooj yim yam.

Npaj thawj txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv qhia tau hais tias thaum lub hnub nyoog ntawm 12-14 lub hlis. Re-nkag mus txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau 6 xyoo. Muaj ib tug tau ntawm ib tug neeg kuj lub sij hawm, uas yuav tsum tau ua ib qho kev immunologist.

Contraindications thiab teeb meem

Nquag phiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mus rau lub koom haum saib xyuas ntawm nyob qhua pias tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov tsos mob xws li kub taub hau, daim tawv nqaij ua pob ua xyua, o ntawm cov qog o, hnoos. Kws txawj hais tias qhov no yog nej ib tug qub cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam, cov tsos mob no yog yuav luag tsis muaj. Yeej, cov kev taw qhia ntawm nyob qhua pias tshuaj tiv thaiv yog zoo taus. Ua ntej txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tsim nyog, tus kws kho mob soj ntsuam tus me nyuam (cov laus neeg mob) thiab txiav txim tawm hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm contraindications (tas mus li thiab ib ntus). Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas tus neeg yog tag nrho haum. Qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tsis tau tso cai rau nkag mus rau cov poj niam nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg uas muaj keeb kwm ntawm tuberculosis, thiab qhov teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm lub yav dhau los txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tiv thaiv rubella

Lwm cov me nyuam tus kab mob, uas yog heev yooj yim mus nqa neeg laus yog rubella. Qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv (nyob) yog suav tias yog lub feem ntau txhais tau tias zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Ib qho txaus ntshai pathology yog cev xeeb tub.

Nyob tshuaj tiv thaiv (ib-feem) ua nyob rau hauv Croatian, Fabkis thiab Indian cov kws txawj. Raws li lub tswv yim kev phiv feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus uas tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv attenuated tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ib me ntsis nce nyob rau hauv lub qog, tsis muaj zog, kub taub hau, daim tawv nqaij ua pob liab vog tau nyob rau lub thib ob hnub.

Cov neeg nquag mus tshwm sim ntawm loj kev tsis haum tshuaj, nws yog pom zoo kom yuav tsum tau saib xyuas cov tub txawg tom qab thawj coj.