Nom tswv tsoom fwv - yog txoj hmoo ntawm cov neeg los yog ib tug meej pem xaiv?

Nom tswv tsoom fwv - ib tug system ntawm tsoom fwv, txoj kev cov tub ceev xwm siv kom muaj kev txiav txim, txoj kev mus rau teb rau cov pej xeem mus ob peb vas. Uas txhawb rau nws cov preservation xyoo lawm, uas tej zaum yuav ua rau dissatisfaction ntawm cov pej xeem thiab los ua ib tug yog vim li cas rau cov kev hloov ntawm qhov kev txiav txim regime?
Hais txog kev nom kev tswv tsoom fwv, peb nco ntsoov ib tug me me nuance. Muaj ntau (raws li nws muab tawm, mus rau ib tug tej lub sij hawm thiab tus sau heev) feem ntau yam los yog sib tov lub ob lub tswv yim: "daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv" thiab "nom tswv tsoom fwv". Kis tau lawv ib tug me ntsis. Daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv yog ib tug coherent system. Nws yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm powers, kev txiav txim ntawm tsim ntawm lub tsoom fwv thiab lub ntsiab txhais ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev. Nom tswv tsoom fwv - nws yog ntau tshaj ib cim, txhais tau tias thiab txoj kev los ntawm cov uas sis rau cov tub ceev xwm thiab nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov pejxeem. Piv txwv li, cov nom tswv tsoom fwv ntawm teb chaws Nyiv Pooj - kev ywj pheej, thiab daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv - ib tug kev cai monarchy.

Thaum peb twb tham txog qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus, nws yog ib zajlus kom siab rau lawv typology. Nom tswv highlights kev ywj pheej thiab neeg ua phem (authoritarian thiab totalitarian) regime hom. Raws li rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv, ces muaj ntau ntau:

• Xeev: Tsoom fwv teb chaws (Australia), Islamic (Afghanistan), multinational (Bolivia), unitary (Sri Lanka).
• Koom pheej, nrog rau tsoom fwv teb chaws (Austria), Unitarian (Bangladesh), Islamic (Iran). Republican daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov niaj hnub lub xeev, xws li Russia.
• Monarchy - kev cai (Nyiv), tsis Yehauvas (Vatican), tsis (Brunei), parliamentary (Spain). Monarchy li xws - Oman.
• Parliamentary nqi zog (Andorra).

Raws li koj tau pom, rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv ntau ntau haiv neeg. Ntxiv mus, ib co ntawm lawv nyob ua ib ke xwb nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm no - lub Vatican, Andorra, Iran, Bolivia, Sri Lanka, Spain, Afghanistan.

Nta ntawm nom tswv regimes raws li Aristotle

Kawm cov ntaub ntawv rau qhov no tsab xov xwm, kuv xav tsis thoob thaum lub mus kom ze rau cov nom tswv regimes uas tau raug npaj los ntawm Aristotle. Nws ciali rau kuv, nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm "Txoj" essence ntawm cov nom tswv system twb teem tawm nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau mus siv cuag thiab yog txhais lus. Yog li, Aristotle singled tawm lub 6 lub ntsiab nom tswv regimes. Ntawm no, peb twb yog cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis peb muaj lawv perverse variations.

• Yog kev nom kev tswv tsoom fwv - nws yog (nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm cov kuj zoo kawg philosopher) monarchy, aristocracy thiab polity. Lawv correctness yog hais tias tsoom fwv ua aimed ntawm cov kev pab ntawm cov pej xeem.
• Qias nom tswv tsoom fwv - cov distortion ntawm lub "correctness" ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus. Cov no muaj xws tyranny, oligarchy thiab kev tswj hwm. Cov kev ua ntawm lub hwj chim tswj system yog aimed ntawm "zoo rau koj tus kheej."

Nthuav yog qhov tseeb hais tias Cicero nyob rau hauv cov neeg txhais lus ntawm no treatise, raws li ib txhia qhov chaw, tau hloov lub tswvyim ntawm "polity" tswvyim "koom pheej" uas dramatically cuam tshuam rau kev muaj peev xwm ntawm ib tug yeej muaj tseeb xaav ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. (Koom pheej nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog ib tug ntawm cov npe ntawm cov Roman faj tim teb chaws.)

legitimacy ntawm regimes

Muaj ntau tau tej zaum xav nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog vim li cas ib co regimes, uas yuav tsum tau ua ib tug tsausmuag rejection nyob twj ywm immutable rau centuries? muaj tshwm sim ib lub sij hawm rau tej kev tso cai raws li "legitimacy". Nws implies hais tias cov pej xeem ntawm lub xeev paub txog cov txheej txheem thiab cov hau kev siv los ntawm tsoom fwv, muaj tseeb thiab siv tau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov pejxeem yog yuav luag tsis muaj cov me nyuam los cuam tshuam txog lub uas twb muaj lawm kev txiav txim yog tsis tau npaj siab mus rhuav tsoom fwv thiab hloov tau lub system. Tag nrho cov kev ua thiab yuav tsum ntawm cov tub ceev xwm yog ntaus nqi raws li tej yam ntuj tso, tsim nyog thiab xwb tiag. Pom zoo, zoo heev rau dab tsi cov nom tswv tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv Russia (los yog es, lub Soviet Union) muaj thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Stalin. Nws yog nyob rau txoj ntsiab cai no ntau tshaj ib xyoo caum muaj , North Kauslim.

Dab tsi ua xws li ib tug "cuav" nyob rau ib feem ntawm cov pejxeem? Kom muaj cob qhia ideology. Tseeb nom tswv tsoom fwv - yog lub hwj chim, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv koob yawm txwv thiab ancient sawv, kev ntseeg, kev nom kev tswv orientation (uas kuj yuav xam tau tias yog ib hom kev cai dab qhuas), raws li zoo raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm rationality.