Niaj hnub nimno dav hlau aircraft. Tus thawj dav hlau

Cov hluas ntxhais hluas ntawm hnub no, thiab txawm paub tab cov pej xeem, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj to taub dab tsi tshwm sim los ntawm kev zoo siab, nws ciali ces zoo heev flying machine. Silvery mob sai dissecting ntawm ib cov kob xiav ntuj, zoo siab heev lub tswv yim ntawm cov neeg hluas thaum ntxov fifties. Dav vapor txoj kev tshuav tsis muaj tsis ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub cav ntaus. Niaj hnub no, tsuas yog ua si lub computer zoo li ua tsov ua rog Thunder, nrog lawv cov tswv yim txog mus yuav ib lub dav hlau dav hlau promotional USSR, muab ib lub tswv yim hais txog qhov no theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm domestic aircraft. Tab sis nws tag nrho cov pib lawm txawm tias.

Li cas rau cov "reactive"

Ib tug tsim nyog lo lus nug tshwm sim txog lub npe ntawm lub hom ntawm aircraft. Nyob rau hauv lus Askiv nws suab luv luv: dav hlau. Lavxias teb sab txhais yim pab ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm ib co zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws yog tseeb hais tias peb yuav tsis tham txog cov oxidation ntawm cov roj - nws yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov pa roj av xyaw. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov lag luam ntawm lub dav hlau aircraft yog tib yam li cov foob pob ua ntxaij. lub cev lub cev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau tus quab yuam ntawm cov roj dav hlau ntiab tawm yog hais nyob rau hauv muab rau nws coj rov qab ntawm lub acceleration. Tag nrho cov so - muaj subtleties, uas muaj xws li ntau yam kev tsis ntawm lub cev, xws li cov aerodynamic zog, lub tswvyim ntawm lub tis profile, lub hom engine. Muaj ntau cov kev xaiv uas engineering tuam txab tau tuaj nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem, feem ntau nrhiav zoo xws li cov kev daws teeb meem, nws tus kheej ntawm txhua tus lwm yam.

Cais los ntawm tus foob pob ua ntxaij kev tshawb fawb aircraft nyob rau hauv no nam tiag. Nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm hmoov accelerators ntsia mus rau txo qhov ntev ntawm tus mus dhia thiab lub afterburner, lub chaw ua hauj lwm twb ua ua ntej kev tsov rog. Ntxiv mus, ib qho los mus nruab rau hauv lub compressor lub cev muaj zog (unsuccessfully) rau Coanda dav hlau nyob rau hauv 1910 tau tso cai rau hauv lub inventor Henri Coandă vajhuam lub tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm lub Romanian. Txawm li cas los, qhov no tsim yog chiv inoperable, uas twb paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm tus thawj kuaj, thaum lub sij hawm uas lub aircraft hlawv.

thawj kauj ruam

Tus thawj dav hlau aircraft muaj peev xwm ntawm kev nyob rau hauv cov huab cua rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, nyob tom qab. Neeg phais nias tau cov Germans, txawm hais tias ib co kev kawm ua nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws, zaum - lub tebchaws United States, Ltalis, teb chaws Aas Kiv thiab rov qab thaum technically Nyiv. Cov kuaj tau, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, gliders pa fighter bomber, uas ntsia tus tshiab hom xyaw devoid propellers, uas yog tsimnyog thiab tsis sib ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR qhov teeb meem no, engineers kuj muab kev koom tes, tab sis tsis raws li active, nrog tus haum rau cov pov thawj thiab txhim khu kev qha cov ntsia hlau txheej txheem. Cuaj kaum dav hlau dav hlau qauv B-1, nruab nrog lub TRD tsim tej me nyuam txaj qhov AM tau kuaj cia li ua ntej kev tsov rog. Lub tsev twb heev unreliable, nitric acid, yog siv raws li lub oxidant, noj mov li roj tso tsheb hlau luam, muaj lwm yam teeb meem, tab sis thawj kauj ruam yog ib txwm yooj yim.

"Shturmfogel" Hitler

Vim hais tias ntawm cov Fuhrer lub psyche, vam mus zuaj lub "cov yeeb ncuab ntawm lub Reich" (uas nws suav hais tias lub teb chaws ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov so ntawm lub ntiaj teb no), nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees tom qab pib ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II muab lub chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm ntau hom ntawm "zem riam phom", xws li dav hlau. Tsis yog txhua txhua qhov chaw ntawm kev ua si tau hai. Rau kev vam meej tej yaam num muaj xws li "Messerschmitt-262" (aka "Shturmfogel") - tus thawj dav hlau aircraft nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no mus mass-ua. Tus ntaus ntawv yog nruab nrog ob turbojet xyaw, radar muaj ib lub qhov ntswg feem, ib sab saum toj ceev ze rau Sonic (ntau tshaj 900 km / h), thiab yog heev zoo txhais tau tias ntawm kev soj ntsuam txog nrog high-altitude B-17 ( "ya fortress") cov phoojywg. Adolf Hitler fanatic txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub extraordinary possibilities ntawm tus tshiab technology, txawm li cas los, paradoxically ua si ib tug phem lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nqe ntaus rog cov ntawv sau txog kuv-262. Twb tsim raws li ib tug dav hlau tua rog, nws yog qhia los ntawm cov "saum toj no", hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug bomber, thiab nyob rau hauv no kev hloov kho tsis tau muaj pov thawj tag nrho.

"Arado"

dav hlau tej ntsiab cai muaj ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm 1944 rau kev tsim kho ntawm ib tug bomber "Arado-234" (dua los ntawm cov Germans). Nws muaj kev tswj los siv lawv cov extraordinary sib ntaus sib tua muaj peev xwm, zuj txaus phoojywg tau tsaws nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Cherbourg. Ceev ntawm 740 km / h thiab ib tug kaum-qab nthab tsis tau muab ib lub caij nyoog flak ntaus lub hom phiaj, tab sis qhov American thiab British fighters cia li yuav caum tsis cuag nrog nws. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub bombing (heev imprecise rau pom tseeb yog vim li cas), "Arado" ua aerial photography. Qhov thib ob kev siv nws raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm poob siab coj tshaj lub nroog ntawm Liège. German losses tsis tsim, thiab yog hais tias cov kev pab los ntawm Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees yog tus loj dua thiab kev ua lag luam yuav tsum tau tso cov "Ar-234" nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm ntau tshaj 36 cov ntawv luam ntawm cov anti-Hitler coalition lub teb chaws yuav muaj fared phem heev.

"U-287"

German tsim poob mus rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm tus phooj ywg thaum lub sij hawm lub ntiaj teb ob wons hais tom qab lub yeej ntawm Nazism. Western lub teb chaws yog twb nyob rau hauv cov theem kawg ntawm kev sib tua tau pib npaj rau hauv lub tuaj confrontation nrog lub USSR. Stalin tus coj noj coj tau noj counter-kev ntsuas. Ob tog, nws yog tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no tsov rog, yog hais tias nws yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw, yuav muaj sib ntaus sib tua dav hlau. USSR thaum lub sij hawm tseem tsis tau muaj tej yam nuclear peev xwm tsuas yog ua hauj lwm rau lub creation ntawm technology ntawm zus tau tej cov atomic foob pob. Tab sis Americans heev interesting entrapped "Junkers-287", uas muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb lub davhlau cov ntaub ntawv (kev sib ntaus los load ntawm 4000 kg, lub ntau yam ntawm 1500 km, lub qab nthab 5000 m, ceev 860 km / h). Plaub engine tsis zoo sweepback (tsab yav tom ntej "invisible) tso cai rau kev siv ntawm ib tug atomic dav hlau li cov cab kuj.

Tus thawj postwar

Dav hlau tsis tau ua si ib decisive luag hauj lwm thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog, yog li lub ib thooj ntawm cov Soviet cov chaw ntau lawm teem nws cov kev siv zog rau kev txhim kho cov kev tsim thiab ua kom zus tau tej cov ib pa ntsia hlau fighters, nres dav hlau thiab bombers. Cov nqe lus nug ntawm ib tug neeg tham nruab nrab atomic nqi tau yooj yim, thiab nws tau txiav txim siab sai sai los ntawm luam cov American Boeing B-29 (Tu-4), tab sis lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog tsis sib xws los tej tau aggression. Ua li no, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau fighters - siab, agile thiab, ntawm chav kawm, ceev. Hais txog yuav ua li cas rau tsim ib tug tshiab kev taw qhia ntawm aircraft, yuav raug txiav txim los ntawm tsab ntawv ntawm lub designer A. S. Yakovleva nyob rau hauv lub Central Committee (Caij nplooj zeeg 1945), uas pom muaj ib tug tej yam kev nkag siab. Ib tug yooj yim txoj kev tshawv no ntawm yuav German technology tog coj noj coj ua pom tias nws tsis txaus ntsuas. Lub teb chaws twb tsim nyog niaj hnub Soviet dav hlau uas tsis yog ua tsis tau zoo thiab superior rau lub ntiaj teb no lawm. Thaum lub parade nyob rau hauv 1946 nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm lub hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub kaum hli ntuj (Tushino) lawv yuav tsum tau qhia rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws thiab qhua.

Ib Ntus Yaqui thiab MiGs

Qhia tias yog, tab sis ho tsis tshwm sim: summed li cov huab cua, muaj ib tug huab. Ua qauv qhia tshiab aircraft twb tau tsiv mus rau ntuj hnub. Tus thawj Soviet dav hlau aircraft ua ib tug series ntawm 15 nrws tau tsim Mikoyan thiab Gurevich (Mig-9) thiab Yakovlev (Yak-15). Ob kuaj differed hull cov kauj ruam daim duab nyob rau hauv uas tus Tsov tus tw feem ntawm lub hauv qab yog ntxuav los ntawm lub dav hlau los ntawm nozzle. Lawm, rau kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv overheating, cov feem them tshwj xeeb plating txheej ua los ntawm refractory hlau. Ob aircraft twb sib txawv hnyav, cav thiab lub hom phiaj, tab sis feem ntau sau raws nkaus Ii lub xeev ntawm Soviet aircraft tsev tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub lig forties. Lawv lub ntsiab lub hom phiaj yog yuav txav mus rau ib tug tshiab hom fais fab nroj tsuag, tab sis dhau ntawd kuj ua lwm yam tseem ceeb paub tab: davhlau neeg txoj kev kawm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev siv technology tshiab teeb meem. Cov dav hlau, dua li cov loj tagnrho ntawm lawv tso zis (pua pua ntawm cov chav nyob), twb pom li ib ntus thiab yuav tsum tau hloov sai li sai tau, tam sim ntawd tom qab lub tsos ntawm ntau tshaj designs. Thiab tsis ntev, lub caij los txog lawm.

thib kaum tsib

Qhov no dav hlau tau los ua ib tug dab neeg. Nws ua ib tug unprecedented peacetime series, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus los thiab nyob rau hauv lub paired tsev kawm ntawv version. Tus tsim ntawm lub Mig-15 siv ntau revolutionary kev daws teeb meem, tus thawj los mus tsim ib tug txhim khu kev qha tsav cawm system (catapult), nws twb nruab nrog ib tug haib cannon riam phom. dav hlau ceev, ib tug me me, tab sis zoo heev, ua rau nws defeat lub armadas ntawm hnyav xaiv yaam bombers nyob rau hauv lub skies ntawm Kauslim Teb, qhov twg tsov rog flared li sai tom qab lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab interceptor. Qhov sib npaug ntawm ib tug Mig los ua tus American "Saber", ua rau ib tug zoo xws li cov tswvyim. Thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua cov khoom poob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Soviet aircraft hijacked ib tug North Korean tsav, kev ntxias los ntawm cov loj loj nyiaj nqi zog. Downed "American" muaj peev xwm kom tau tawm ntawm cov dej thiab thauj mus rau lub Soviet Union. Muaj yog ib tug kev sib nrig sib "pauv ntawm kev" kawm tau los ntawm cov feem ntau muaj kev vam meej tsim kev daws teeb meem.

neeg nrog caij dav hlau

Cov kev ceev ntawm ib lub dav hlau dav hlau - nws cov ntsiab kom zoo dua, thiab nws yog muaj feem xyuam tsis tsuas mus rau cov bombers thiab neeg tua hluav taws. Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub lig forties mus rau lub International Airlines tshaj liner "Comet", ua nyob rau hauv teb chaws Aas Kiv. Nws yog tshwj xeeb uas tsim rau cov thauj ntawm cov neeg, nws yog nyiam thiab ceev ceev, tab sis hmoov tsis tsis txhim khu kev qha: xya xwm txheej tshwm sim tsis pub dhau ob xyoos. Tab sis kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm high-ceev cov neeg nrog caij tsheb tau tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis txhob. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-fifties nyob rau hauv lub USSR nyob lub legendary TU-104 hloov dua siab tshiab version ntawm Tu-16 bomber. Txawm tias heev heev davhlau teeb meem uas tshwm sim nrog lub tshiab aircraft, dav hlau aircraft yog nce mastered rau lub airlines. Maj mam tsim ib tug ntev-lub sij hawm cov tsos ntawm cov liner thiab lub tswv yim ntawm dab tsi nws yuav tsum tau. Propellers (ntsia hlau propellers) siv los ntawm designers nce tsawg.

Tiam fighter aircraft: thawj, lub thib ob ...

Zoo li luag tej txheej txheem, dav hlau interceptors yog txwv kom muab zais los ntawm tiam. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho muaj yog tam sim no tsib, thiab lawv txawv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ib tsab qauv, tab sis tsim nta. Yog hais tias lub tswvyim ntawm tus thawj kuaj yeej yuav tsum tau tig tawm rau lub hauv paus ntawm tau nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm classical aerodynamics (nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, ib hom cav yog lub ntsiab qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv), lub thib ob tiam coj tshaj qhov tseem ceeb nta (swept tis, ib tug txawv kiag li zoo ntawm lub fuselage thiab thiaj li nyob.) Nyob rau hauv lub fifties, nws twb xav hais tias cov huab cua sib ntaus sib tua yog yeej yuav tsis hnav maneuverable cim, tab sis lub sij hawm twb qhia fallacy ntawm no lub tswv yim.

... thiab los ntawm peb lub rau fifth

"Aub pob tseg" ntawm lub sixties ntawm lub "Skyhawk", "Phantoms" thiab MiGs nyob rau hauv lub skies tshaj Vietnam thiab lub Middle East tau qhia hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev loj hlob ntxiv, npav lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm lub thib ob tiam dav hlau interceptors. Kuj tsis paub meej geometry tis, muaj peev xwm los ntawm ntau yam overspeed suab thiab cuaj luaj nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog ib tug haib steel avionics nta ntawm peb tiam. Tam sim no, Cua Dag Zog Yuam paus ntawm lub tiaj ua si feem ntau ntawm technologically advanced lub teb chaws tshwm sim tawm lub plaub tiam ntawm lub tsheb, uas ua ib yam khoom ntawm kev loj hlob ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv tej caj npab tau tuaj ntau zoo meej kuaj combining kev kub ceev, maneuverability, tsis tshua muaj visibility thiab EW txhais tau tias. Qhov no fifth tiam.

Turbofan engine

Externally hnub no dav hlau thawj kuaj tsis zoo rau feem ntau anachronistic. Saib ntau ntawm lawv yog cov heev niaj hnub, thiab lub specifications (xws li qab nthab thiab ceev) yog tsis sib txawv heev los ntawm hnub no, yam tsawg kawg thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau closer acquaintance nrog cov kev ua tau zoo cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov cav tov, nws yog tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum kawg mus ua ib tug zoo txhob nyob rau hauv lub ob lub ntsiab lus qhia. Firstly, lub notion ntawm nce mus nce los thrust vector, tsim tau ntse thiab cia li maneuvers. Ob, kev sib ntaus los aircraft yog tam sim no tau nyob ntev npaum li cas nyob rau hauv cov huab cua thiab mus deb. Qhov no zoo tshaj yuav yog vim tsis muaj kev noj roj, uas yog yig. Nws tiav siv nws, muab tso rau kev hais lus, dual-Circuit Court (tsawg-pass). Kws txawj paub hais tias combustion technology muab xav paub ntau tshaj nws combustion.

Lwm cov nta ntawm niaj hnub lub dav hlau aircraft

Ob peb ntawm lawv. Niaj hnub nimno civil dav hlau aircraft xyaw feature tsis muaj suab nrov, siab hlub thiab siab stability nyob rau hauv lub davhlau. lawv mas feem ntau yog dav-lub cev (xws li mnogopalubnye). Kuaj cov tub rog aircraft yog nruab nrog txhais tau tias (active thiab passive) tau raws li cov uas tsis muaj radar kos npe thiab hluav taws xob ua rog. Nyob rau hauv ib lub siab, uas yuav tsum tau rau kev tiv thaiv thiab coj mus muag qauv tshuam hnub no. Efficiency xav tau kev pab ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm aircraft, tab sis yog kev sib txawv yog vim li cas: nyob rau hauv ib tug cov ntaub ntawv, los txhim kho profitability, rau lwm yam - mus cuag cov kev sib ntaus los voos kheej-kheej. Thiab niaj hnub no peb yuav tau ua ib suab nrov nrov li me me li sai tau ob qho tib si pej xeem thiab cov tub rog.