Network nrog earthed nruab nrab. grounding cable. hluav taws xob grounding

Niaj hnub nimno tib neeg lub neej, nws kev nplij siab thiab muab tag nrho cov tsim nyog, yog inextricably txuas nrog hluav taws xob. Ua tsaug rau nws, tus neeg muaj cov txhais tau tias ntawm livelihood thiab lub sij hawm los txhawb cov rog ntawm qhov nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav neeg nyiaj pab ntau tshaj cov nyiaj poob haujlwm rau koj lub neej. Tab sis rau ib tug ntau ntawm pluses, uas muaj hluav taws xob, thiab muaj ib tug loj loj rho tawm - apparatus thiab cov khoom uas haus thiab ua hluav taws xob, yog ib tug kev hem thawj rau tib neeg lub neej, yog tias koj tsis ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm lawv cov kev siv.

Hluav taws xob cov sib thiab lawv faib raws li cov uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev ruaj ntseg

Lub ntsiab yam tseem ceeb influencing degree ntawm kev txaus ntshai rau tib neeg lub neej nyob rau hauv sib txhua yam yog:

• kev nyuaj siab;
• hom ntawm nruab nrab grounding;
• lub qhov ntau ntawm cov tam sim no yog shorted rau hauv av;
• rwb thaiv tsev qhov chaw, rau cov uas tam sim no tsev;
• cov kuj ntawm tus tib neeg lub cev;
• kuj ntawm lub hauv av (av) nyob rau hauv lub hluav taws xob tam sim no tsam.

Pib los ntawm cov yooj yim qhov chaw nyob rau hauv uas twb muaj lawm "tswj ntawm hluav taws xob pab kiag li lawm" (RB), tag nrho cov chaw muab faib ua plaub pawg.

Tus thawj muaj lub installation nrog earthed nruab nrab transformer khiav hauj lwm ntawm 220 kV thiab saum toj no, thiab nrog rau ib tug zoo grounded nruab nrab - Haum ntawm 110 rau 220 kV. Zoo-earthed nruab nrab yog ib tug Circuit Court los ntawm kev uas tam sim no limiting Circuit Court mus rau hauv av, nws yuav muaj ntau hom kuj (active, reactive thiab uas tsis yog-linear), thiab yog tsis grounded nyob nruab nrab.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob muaj lub installation, uas siv ib tug raug rho tawm tsis los resonant grounding nws nrog kev pab los ntawm Peterson resistors thiab reactors kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tes hauj lwm, lub voltage ntawm uas yog los ntawm 3 mus rau 35 kV.

Qhov thib peb hluav taws xob siv network nrog nruab nrab rau lub ntiaj teb, thiab lub voltage yog los ntawm 110 mus 600 V. Nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, cov av txhaum currents loj loj ntau.

Qhov thib plaub qeb muaj systems uas raug rho tawm nruab nrab, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tes hauj lwm mus txog rau 1 kV. Tej nroj tsuag muaj ib tug me me lub ntiaj teb txhaum tam sim no.

Muaj kev nyab xeeb lag luam los ntawm hluav taws xob sib

Kiag li tshem tawm cov yam tseem ceeb uas hem cov kev kho mob thiab lub neej ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm rau hluav taws xob sib, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua, vim hais tias lawv muaj ib tug tej yam ntuj tso tom qab. Tab sis txo lawv thiab yuav ua li cas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov chav nyob raws li kev ruaj ntseg li sai tau yog tsis tsuas tau tab sis kuj tsim nyog. Ua li no, tag nrho cov txij nkawm thiab cov lag luam ntawm hluav taws xob sib yuav raws kev raws cai nyob rau hauv ib phau ntawm cov kev cai thiab cov kev tswj, "Cov kev cai rau tsim ntawm hluav taws xob sib" (PUE). Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas yuav tsum tau ntawm cov SAE yog ib tug tiv thaiv earthing ntawm hluav taws xob sib. Nws yog ib qhov yuav tsum tau thiab yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Tiv ntiaj teb yog tsim los tiv thaiv cov neeg ua hauj lwm thiab kev pab txhawb nqa cov sib thiab tes hauj lwm, raws li zoo li hluav taws xob kev pab siv nws nyob rau hauv lub tsev khoom siv thiab pab kiag li lawm. Muab kev tiv thaiv hauv av? Tib neeg kev ruaj ntseg nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lo kev sib cuag nrog cov hlau qhov chaw hauv lub qhov hluav taws xob uas tsis yog-conductive, tab sis ua nyob vim lub neej puas rwb thaiv tsev nyob rau hauv lub poob siab.

Uas yog grounded nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws xob?

Yuav tsum muaj thiab cov txheej txheem thaum uas siv cov kev tiv thaiv lub ntiaj teb consolidated rau hauv ib daim ntawv regulating thiab defining lub standardization ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem - GOST. Grounding tiv thaiv cov neeg ua thiab tau txais kev pab ntawm hluav taws xob poob siab, ua nruj me ntsis nyob rau hauv raws li cov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm cov EMP thiab cov xeev txheem. Tiv ntiaj teb Hluav taws xob cov muab hluav taws xob kev twb kev txuas ntawm cov hlau qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob sib mus rau hauv av, tab sis tus tsis muaj nws - nrog ib daim ntawv qhia, hloov hauv av. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov neeg qhov chaw ntawm lub grounded systems uas tsis muaj lwm yam kev tiv thaiv.

Yog li, grounded hlau housings ntawm hluav taws xob khoom heev, cov tsheb, machinery, cable thawv, teeb pom kev zoo fixtures, keyboards thiab nyob, raws li zoo raws li lub cuab yeej ntawm lub cable thiab nyob ntawm tej.

Uas twb muaj lawm systems ntawm hluav taws xob grounding

Hluav taws xob cov system muaj kev ruaj ntseg hauv av yog txiav txim rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov yam ntxwv xws li lub hwj huam mov earthed nruab nrab, cais nruab nrab. Muaj peb tej tshuab uas tsim los ntawm lub International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): TN, NWS thiab TT. Cia peb kawm lawv nyob rau hauv kom meej.

TN system thiab nws cov subsystems

Earthed nruab nrab system nyob rau hauv uas lub hlau qhov chaw hauv lub installation yog kev cob cog rau nruab nrab siv pes tsawg grounding conductors, yog ib tug pab pawg neeg ntawm TN. Nyob rau hauv lem, qhov no pab pawg neeg yog ib tug pab pawg, tsim txoj kev uas yuav siv pes tsawg-neeg ua hauj lwm thiab tiv thaiv conductors. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias cov conductors ua ke nyob rau hauv ib neeg xyuas pib thoob plaws qhov ntev ntawm lub network subsystem yog denoted TN-C. Qhov no yog cov laus lub Soviet system. Yog hais tias tus tiv thaiv ua hauj lwm thiab hauv nruab nrab hlau MUAJ CHAV xwb nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm lub saw, starting los ntawm lub hwj huam mov (substation), ces nws yog ib tug subsystem ntawm TN-CS. Zoo, nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas lub nruab nrab thiab kev tiv thaiv neeg xyuas pib yog sib cais los ntawm cais nyob ntawm tej thoob plaws lub Web site, qhov no subsystem yog denoted TN-S. Nws yog suav tias yog preferable rau cov tiav kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov installation.

NWS systems thiab TT

Ib tug system nyob rau hauv uas lub nruab nrab earthing tsis tuaj kawm ntawv los yog tsim nyob rau ntawm lub resonant grounding, denoted li NWS. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug system ua raws hlau qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob ib tug neeg conductors, kev cob cog rua rau grounding pab kiag li lawm.

System nrog earthed nruab nrab, nyob rau lub hlau qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob pab kiag li lawm yog grounded siv, unconnected nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev nrog lub hwj chim qhov twg los tsis taw tes, denoted TT thiab siv heev dua lwm yam rau mobile chaw. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam mob, xws li ib tug system yuav tsum siv cov residual tam sim no kiag li lawm.

Earthing

Raws li cov SAE los tiv thaiv tib neeg los ntawm txaus ntshai voltages siv grounding Circuit Court mounted los ntawm electrically txuas qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsim ntawm conductive khoom thiab insulated los ntawm nyob qhov chaw rau lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv lem, lub ntiaj teb electrode yog ua los ntawm ib tug hlau xyuas pib muaj zoo hluav taws xob conductivity thiab ib tug loj cheeb tsam ntawm kev sib cuag nrog cov av. Tag nrho ua ke - thiab earthing nyob ntawm tej electrically txuas nrog qhov hluav taws xob qhov chaw thiab muaj ib tug grounding ntaus ntawv.

Nyob ntawm seb lub hom tam sim no yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob sib mus txog 1000 V yog siv grounding tswvyim nrog earthed nruab nrab los yog cais (alternating tam sim no) los yog insulated earthed nruab nrab point (DC). Nruab nrab hwj chim qhov twg los (generator los yog transformer) yog earthed thaum nws yog kev cob cog rua ncaj qha mus rau hauv av twb kev txuas thiab lub cais nruab nrab yog ib tug uas muaj tsis muaj los yog ib tug compound ntawm lawv yog kev cob cog rua ntawm ib tug ntaus nrog ib tug loj kuj.

Hom grounding pab kiag li lawm

Grounding faib mus rau hauv ob hom: dag thiab tej yam ntuj tso. Tus thawj zoo ntawm av Siv yuav siv los ntawm ntau yam hlau tej khoom. Tej zaum lawv yuav fab, rods thiab hlab muaj ib tug ntev ntawm tsis tsawg tshaj li ob thiab ib nrab meters thiab faus (transfixed) mus rau hauv av. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv lawv yog koom steel ib daim hlab los yog feem ntawm cov hlau hlau - pas nrig - loj inch (yam tsawg kawg 8-10 hli) los ntawm Vuam. Grounding conductors yuav tsum yog nws yog xim hlau, los yog tooj liab tuav raws li zoo raws li tooj liab hlau bundles nrog lub mating qhov chaw los yog hluav taws xob vuam, los yog bolting.

Qhov thib ob hom yuav siv cov av lug raws li lub grounding ntawm vaj tse ua los ntawm cov hlau thiab yog securely kev cob cog rua rau hauv av. Tag nrho cov pob zeb lug yuav tsum muaj hlau kos rau attaching lub grounding conductors. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub grounding nyob ntawm tej yeej tsis txawv ntawm lub conductors uas yog siv nyob rau hauv dag ntiaj teb electrodes.

Lwm saib ntawm lub grounding ntaus ntawv yog vanishing. Qhov no hom ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub ntiaj teb kev twb kev txuas yog raug rho tawm los ntawm qhov hluav taws xob qhov chaw ntawm qhov tam sim no nruab nrab rau lub ntiaj teb ntawm lub nruab nrab neeg xyuas pib. Lub vanishing muab txhaum tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm tej theem Circuit Court mus rau lub ntaus ntawv, thiab tso cai rau ib tug ntau npaum tawg txhais tiv thaiv cov khoom.

Yuav tsum muaj rau grounding pab kiag li lawm

Tag nrho li siv rau grounding yuav tsum ua raws li cov qauv uas tsim los ntawm lub xeev lub tsev kev cai thiab kev lis dej num. Lawv ua hauj lwm - los xyuas kom meej qhov muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov neeg, cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm hluav taws xob sib thiab hom ntawm cov lag luam.

Nyob rau hauv tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum lub series kev twb kev txuas ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm qhov hluav taws xob earthing conductors - txhua feem yuav tsum sib haum mus rau tsuas yog ib cable grounding muaj ib lub cheeb ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig seem yog tsis tsawg tshaj li uas qhia nyob rau hauv lub EMP. Grounding conductors muab tso tab tiv thaiv los ntawm xeb los ntawm coloring lawv nyob rau hauv dub.

Kev xeev ntawm grounding pab kiag li lawm thiab grounding pov thawj tau los ntawm kev soj ntsuam xyuas nrog rau cov liab qab qhov muag pom yog ib feem ntawm lub ntaus ntawv nrog ib tug ib nrab qhib thiab ntsuas av tsis grounding ntaus ntawv. Lub pom ib feem ntawm lub ntaus ntawv tuaj kuaj ib zaug txhua rau lub hlis.

Yuav tsum muaj rau kev tiv thaiv lub tebchaw thiab grounding conductors

Tag nrho cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov earthing thiab grounding conductors yog nqa tawm los ntawm Vuam. Corps ntawm hluav taws xob machinery thiab apparatus, lub ntsiab av hu rau lub grounding Circuit Court, thiab txhawb high-voltage kab yog kev cob cog rua rau ib tug grounding neeg xyuas pib ntsia liaj qhov rooj. Grounding conductors no yog ua los ntawm steel los yog tooj liab tuav raws li zoo raws li tooj liab cables. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li ib tug grounding neeg xyuas pib tej zaum yuav siv av cable. Rau lub hom phiaj no yog siv raws li ib tug tso tseg thiab ib cov tub ntxhais tooj liab cables, tus ntoo khaub lig seem ntawm uas tso cai rau cov uas tsis muaj kuj twb kev txuas.

Kuj ntsuas seb ua tau grounding pab kiag li lawm

Yuav ua kom raws li ntawm tam sim no kuj muaj cov grounding ntawm cov kev cai thiab cov kev tswj hais txog cov khoom, ntsuam yog npaum li cas ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm kuj. Cov hauj lwm ntawm xws li ib tug kev ntsuas yog los mus txiav txim tus kuj grounding system dua los ntawm nws mus rau lub ntiaj teb tam sim no - qhov thiaj li hu ua tam sim no kis tus kab mob.

Cov kev ntsuam no yog ua los nyob rau hauv raws li qhov yuav tsum tau qauv kev ruaj ntseg: kev tiv thaiv ntawm ib tug ib leeg-theem Circuit Court thiab siv yus txoj kev tiv thaiv cov khoom, xws li insulating hnab looj tes thiab khau looj plab hlaub, raws li zoo raws li lub rho tawm lub cuab tam.

Khoom thiab cov cuab yeej rau qhov ntsuas ntawm lub ntiaj teb kuj

Lub ntsiab ntsuas, uas ua ntsuas tus kuj kis currents yog ib tug 'meter' IC-10 grounding. Qhov no ntaus ntawv ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tsib ntsuas yog hom twg, uas piav txog nws thoob plaws siv. Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntau yog tus kuj los ntawm 0.01 mus 9.99 ohm, ua raws li yog hom twg 0.1-99.9 Ohm, 1-999 ohm 0,01-9,99 coma. Qhov siab tshaj plaws kuj determined los ntawm no ntaus ntawv, yog nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm 1 mus rau 999 milliohms. Nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog cov ntaus ntawv siv rau tej thaj chaw deb ntsuam ntawm tam sim no thiab voltage electrodes.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias measuring Circuit Court av yuav raws li cai - kev twb kev txuas conductors ntawm tus dais nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw, rau qhov tam sim no thiab tej zaum electrodes, ces mus rau lub twj paj nruag thiab tus kawg - mus rau lub ntiaj teb electrode.

Txoj kev sim siab hauv av

Tus nqi ntawm cov kuj-tam sim no kis rau txawv earthing tshuab txawv thiab nyob ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb xws li lub hom fais fab nroj tsuag, cov av tej yam kev mob nyob rau installation ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub installation, raws li zoo raws li lub siv hom xws li ib tug ntaus ntawv.

Cov kev ntsuas txoj kev muaj ob txoj kev, uas yog tso tawm kom pom nyob rau hauv txoj cai rau tus uas twb muaj YOG-10 seev thaum ntsuas ntawm lub hauv av kuj. Yog hais tias cov kuj ntawm lub ntaus ntawv, qhia nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv hla tebchaws tshaj 5 ohms, siv ib tug peb-hlau Circuit Court. Yog hais tias tus nqi yog tsawg tshaj qhov no muaj nqis - plaub-hlau Circuit Court yog siv.