Multi-tog system - yog ib tug Lavxias teb sab multi-party system ...

Multi-tog system - nws yog phem los yog zoo? Political zaum ntawm txawv teb chaws tsis tau kom meej meej teb rau lo lus nug. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, nws muab ib lub sij hawm los qhia ib lub tswv yim tshaj plaws ntau haiv neeg cov nplais ntawm cov haiv neeg thiab tiv thaiv nws nyob rau hauv hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam - yog tsis meej pem nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv lub neej ntawm txhua lub teb chaws.

tog tshuab

Nyob rau hauv lub tog to taub lub koom haum,, feem ntau active ib feem ntawm lub neej, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej nyiam, formulated qhov kev pab cuam thiab aims mus siv nws los ntawm txoj kev koom tes nyob rau hauv hwj chim los yog nyob rau hauv nws tuav. Lub hav zoov ntawm ntau yam kev nom kev tswv cov koom haum thiab lawv cov kev sib txiav txim seb tus neeg sab nrauv system ntawm lub xeev. Muaj peb hom kev li systems. Multi-tog system - yog thawj ntawm lawv. Nws yog txhais los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm ntau tshaj ob tug nom koom haum uas muaj tiag tiag yuav tuaj rau lub hwj chim. Tog system tsim nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm ib tug tib neeg sab nrauv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws thiab lub xeev rau ban qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov fab ntxeev nom tswv koom haum. Nyob rau hauv lub UK, lub tebchaws United States, muaj ob-tog system. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws muaj yog ib tug txiav npluav rau cov tsev lag luam thiab cov lag luam ntawm lwm cov koom haum, tab sis ib tug xav zoo zoo lub caij nyoog tuaj mus rau lub hwj chim, lawv yog scanty, uas txiav txim qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm neeg sawv cev ntawm ib tug los yog lwm yam ntawm cov hom kev nom kev tswv quab yuam. Muaj yog ib hom ntawm pendulum: lub hwj chim yog kis tau los ntawm cov Liberals rau lub saib thiab rov qab.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ob tog nyob rau hauv Russia

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua, nws yog lub tsev lag luam ntawm ib tug multiparty system nyob rau hauv Russia. Qhov no tus txheej txheem tau yus muaj los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm tseem ceeb nta. Firstly, tus thawj heev, txawm illegally, lawv pib noj zoo cov nom tswv koom haum ntawm lub revolutionary, radical clerics. Yog li, lub Social Democrats nyob rau lawv cov thawj congress nyob rau hauv 1898. Raws li txoj cai sau npe los ntawm ob tog tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm thawj Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig, tom qab tus naas ej Manifesto ntawm Lub kaum hli ntuj 17, 1905, uas nkag tau pej xeem thiab cov nom tswv kev ywj siab rau cov neeg ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Lwm feature yog lub fact tias cov ua lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub intelligentsia nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam tsim cov tsev koom nyiaj, ntau ntawm cov uas twb me me txaus, txhua lub sij hawm muaj ib tug txheej txheem ntawm lub koom haum thiab xaus ntawm ib co lwm tus neeg. Yog li, lub multi-party system - qhov no yog qhov tseeb yam ntxwv ntawm nom tswv lub neej nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua thaum ntxov.

Sab laug, txoj cai thiab qhov chaw

Raws li twb tau sau tseg, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua, muaj ob peb lub kaum os ob tog nyob rau hauv Russia, txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov uas yog heev yooj yim. Yuav kom to taub zoo dua hais tias yog ib tug Lavxias teb sab multi-party system, tag nrho cov nom tswv cov koom haum raug muab faib ua peb pawg. Tus thawj yog cov radical, revolutionary lub koom haum, kuj hu ua tus sab laug. Txoj cai sector - conservative, reactionary cov tsev koom nyiaj pom zoo rau tej innovation thiab transformation. Rau cov centrists rank li nom tswv cov koom haum nrog coj cov kev pab cuam tom qab lub mas, lub tsheb txhob sibtsoo transformation ntawm haiv neeg.

Revolutionary tog ntawm Russia

By pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, Lavxias teb sab koom enmeshed tooj ntawm loj contradictions uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov kev loj hlob ntawm capitalism. lawv yog hu ua "cov tub ntxhais teeb meem" nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws historiography. Cov no muaj xws ua liaj ua teb los yog neeg pluag lo lus nug, tus neeg ua hauj lwm, cov nqe lus nug ntawm lub hwj chim thiab lub teb chaws. Xijpeem, tag nrho cov nom tswv rog yuav tsum qhia tias lub ntsiab txoj kev daws cov teeb meem no. Qhov tseem radical nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim yog cov Bolsheviks - lub RSDLP (b), hu rau ib tug socialist kiv puag ncig, lub nationalization ntawm av thiab Enterprises, lub abolition ntawm ntiag tug thiab kev hloov mus rau kev xws li. Xav thawj coj thiab organizer yog ib tug zoo-paub Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin). Lub Mensheviks tsawg radical - RSDLP (m), uas pom tau hais tias zaj dab neeg no tsis yog izmolola lub hmoov los ntawm uas nws yog tsim nyog los ci ib ncuav mog qab zib socialism. Lawv cov thawj coj, Julius Martov advocated ib tug bourgeois-kev ywj pheej kiv puag ncig thiab ib tug gradual tshuaj mus rau lub ntsiab teeb meem. Ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw yog nyob los ntawm cov Socialist-Revolutionaries nyob rau hauv rau sab laug thaiv (SRS) uas positioned lawv tus kheej raws li defenders ntawm lub peasantry, lub successors ntawm kab lig kev cai ntawm populism. Lawv advocated qhov socialization ntawm lub teb chaws, piv txwv li lub hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm nws cov zej zog. Nws mus los ntawm Viktor Chernov SRS. Nrog rau no, muaj lwm yam Lavxias teb sab revolutionary ob tog xws li lub Nrov Socialists, Socialist-Revolutionaries, maximalists, Trudoviks thiab ib tug ntau yam ntawm lub teb chaws revolutionary pawg (lub Bund, Revolutionary Ukrainian tog, thiab lwm tus).

mas tog

Raws li xws multi-party system nyob rau hauv Russia tau tsim nrog kev cai lij choj sau npe ntawm cov mas centrist ob tog. Nyob rau hauv tus thawj thiab Ob txhais State Dumas tus loj tshaj pes tsawg tus, tab sis tsis qhov loj feem ntau, coj lub Kawm ua tub rog, uas yog hu ua cov sab laug centrists. Lawv demanded ib nrab kev tsis sib haum ntawm tsaws Estates nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm tus peasantry thiab cov kev txwv ntawm lub monarchy los ntawm lub Parliament thiab lub Constitution, ntxiv kho. Ib tug paub tias nws tus thawj coj ntawm lub Kawm ua tub rog yog cov historian Pavel Miliukov. Lub ntsiab nom tswv quab yuam nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub Peb thiab Plaub Dumas yog tus Octobrist tog, uas nws cov neeg sawv cev muaj leej twg paub tseem ceeb heev rau lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab manifesto rau 17 Lub kaum hli ntuj. Alexander Guchkov, lub taub hau ntawm lub zog, tiv thaiv qhov kev txaus siab ntawm cov loj bourgeoisie, uas yuav tsum tau nqig lub teb chaws thiab ntxiv nyiaj txiag txoj kev loj hlob. Octo thiaj hu ua conservative liberals.

txoj cai thaiv

Heev siab rau cov qauv, tab sis me ntsis ncaav thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem yog txoj cai kev nom kev tswv sector. Monarchists, cov dub Pua pua, lub conservatives - nws yog tag nrho hais txog lawv. Lavxias teb sab huab tais Nicholas II yog ib tug saib xyuas tug tswv cuab ntawm ob peb tog, tab sis yog differing nyob rau hauv lub npe tab sis muaj ib qho kev nom kev tswv kev pab cuam. Nws essence yog rov qab mus rau unlimited autocracy, orthodoxy, thiab tiv thaiv cov kev sib sau ntawm Russia. Tsis paub tus thawj State Duma, conservative ib feem ntawm haiv neeg yog tsis ib lub koom haum thiab koom tsis tau nrog nyob rau hauv cov kev xaiv tsa. Tab sis tom ntej cov txheej xwm tau qhia hais tias peb yuav tsis yeej retiring los ntawm cov nom tswv kev cai lij choj tawm tsam nyob rau hauv parliament. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub "Union Mihaila Arhangela", "Union ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg" thiab lwm yam kev taw siab txhawb txoj cai ntawm Nicholas II. Thiab tawm tsam nws tw siv tsausmuag txoj kev, xws li riots.

Lub tshem tawm ntawm lub multiparty system

Tom qab lub Bolsheviks tuaj rau lub hwj chim 25 Lub kaum hli ntuj 1917 multiparty system maj collapses nyob rau hauv Russia. Thawj tawm ntawm cov nom tswv arena monarchist lub koom haum, Octo, nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis tau tshaj tawm hais tias outlawed lub Kawm ua tub rog. Kom txog rau thaum ib tug ob peb xyoos persisted revolutionary ob tog, xws li cov ntsiab rivals ntawm lub Bolsheviks twb SRS, uas coj lub feem ntau ntawm cov rooj zaum nyob rau hauv lub dav dav xaiv tsa mus rau lub Constituent los ua ke. Tab sis hais lus tawm tsam Lenin thiab nws pab thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog thiab tam sim ntawd tom qab nws kawm tiav coj mus rau ib tug tsis hlub leejtwg li nriaj tiv thaiv cov nom tswv tw ntawm cov Bolsheviks. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1921-1923 nyob rau hauv Soviet Russia, ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub tsev hais plaub hais plaub ntug tiv thaiv cov thawj coj ntawm lub Mensheviks thiab SRS, tom qab uas yuav mus rau cov tog twb ntshai li ib qho kev thuam thiab foom. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, multi-party system nyob rau hauv lub USSR yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv. Yuav kom pom zoo rau ideological thiab nom tswv domination ntawm ib tog - lub Communist tog.

Tsim ntawm ib tug multiparty system nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Russia

Lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet nom tswv system yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm perestroika pom M. S. Gorbachevym. Ib tug tseem ceeb kauj ruam nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm multi-party system nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Russia yog qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub abolition ntawm tsab xov xwm 6 yam ntawm lub Soviet Constitution, saws nyob rau hauv 1977. Nws enshrines ib tug tshwj xeeb, ua lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub communist ideology nyob rau hauv lub xeev, thiab, thiab loj, meant ib tog monopoly rau lub hwj chim. Tom qab lub coup, lub coup nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj 1990, Lavxias teb sab President tau txwv tag nrho cov kev txiav txim ntawm lub CPSU nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws. By lub sij hawm no, tus tshiab multi-party system coj zoo nyob rau hauv Russia. Nrog nws cov thawj koom los ntawm muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm kev nom kev tswv cov koom haum yog tsis ho txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam lawv views nyob rau hauv ib cov kev taw qhia. Muaj ntau soj ntsuam ntawm muaj sau tseg ib tug ncaj nqaim kev paus ntawm lub feem ntau, yog li hu lawv "proto". Thoob plaws lub teb chaws taw nyob rau hauv lub republics, lub npe hu ua lub "Nrov Pem hauv ntej".

Lub ntsiab nom tswv rog

Nyob rau hauv lub 90-ies ntawm ntau nom tswv cov koom haum qhia ob peb tseem ceeb, uas pib rau kev nrog txhua lwm yam sib ntaus sib tua rau cov rooj zaum nyob rau hauv lub Duma. Nyob rau hauv kev xaiv tsa nyob rau hauv 1995 nws txhais cov plaub cov thawj coj, uas yuav kov yeej lub teeb meem ntawm tsib ib xees. Cov tib nom tswv rog tuab lub tam sim no multi-party system nyob rau hauv Russia. Firstly, nws yog cov Communist coj los ntawm tus tas mus li thawj coj, tau hais ntau ntau zaus ua raws li ib tug thawj tswj neeg sib tw, - Gennadiem Zyuganovym. Secondly - lub siab dav ywj pheej Party, nrog rau cov tib qhov thiab kaj lub taub hau - Vladimir Zhirinovsky. Tsoom fwv tsev ob peb lub sij hawm los mus hloov lub npe nyob rau hauv lub xeem xyoo lawm ( "Peb tsev yog Russia", "United Russia"). Zoo thiab plaub qhov chaw ntawm yawm, tuav lub tog "Yabloko", taws los ntawm Grigoriem Yavlinskim. Txawm li cas los, txij li thaum 2003, nws yog tsis tau kov yeej lub teeb meem yog pw nyob rau hauv qhov kev xaiv tsa thiab tau txij thaum tau ib feem ntawm cov neeg sawv cev rau tsoom fwm lub cev. Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv Russia belongs rau lub centrist kev taw qhia, lawv muaj zoo sib xws yuav tsum tau thiab cov kev pab cuam. Sab laug thiab txoj cai lawv yog paub xwb kev lig kev cai.

ib cov lus xaus

Feem ntau cov nom tswv kws tshuaj ntsuam pom zoo hais tias lub multi-party system - yog tsis zoo tshaj plaws kev xaiv ntawm kev nom kev tswv kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws. States nrog ib tug ob-tog system yog ntau kom paub tseeb tseeb nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev loj hlob yog yuav kom tsis txhob muaj lub extremes, kom tau khaws cia rau hauv lub succession. Multi-tog system - ib tug tswvyim uas muaj ob qho tib si raws li txoj cai thiab cov tswv yim kev txiav txim zoo. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, muaj ntau ntau yam cov tsev koom nyiaj thawm xyoo, tab sis ib tug xav zoo zoo lub caij nyoog tuaj mus rau lub hwj chim, muaj no tsuas muaj ib los yog ob tug. Ib tug tiag tiag multiparty system qhia hais tias tsis muaj nom tswv quab yuam tsis tau ib tug parliamentary feem ntau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ncaav coalition ib ntus thiab ruaj khov.