Metrology: xab, ib tug xab ntsuas. Classification ntsuas txhais tau tias

Peb yuav sim nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm mus lauj ib tug compact txheej ntsiab lus: metrology, standardization txuam nrog nws, lub Lavxias teb sab xeev metrological chaw zov me nyuam, raws li tau zoo raws li ntsuas seev - lawv cov yam ntxwv, hom, kev faib thiab siv. Peb pib nrog cov feem ntau qhib lub ntsiab - science hu ua metrology.

Metrology: lus txhais, cov hom phiaj, kev cai

Metrology, measuring, ib tug xab ntsuas - interconnected tswv yim. Metrology (ancient Greek μέτρον + λόγος -. "Measure" + "science") - qhov kev kawm ntawm tes taw hnyav li thiab ntsuas, namely qhov ntsuas, nws txoj kev thiab cov cuab yeej los pab kom txoj kev sib sau thiab raug ntawm cov kev ntsuam.

Fundamentals ntawm metrology muab cov nram qab no cov hom phiaj thiab cov hom phiaj:

• txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug unified kev tshawb xav ntawm kev ntsuas;
• tshuab kev kawm ntawv ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub cev rau lwm;
• Txoj kev loj hlob thiab tom ntej standardization txhais tau tias thiab ntsuas txoj kev, txoj kev los mus txiav txim lawv cov neeg, aspiration rau uniformity thiab kev koom ua ke;
• tsim meej qauv tshuab, kev ntsuas kuaj, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub cev constants;
• txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub system ntawm tes taw hnyav li thiab ntsuas nyob rau hauv keeb kwm yav tas los.

Cov yooj yim cov kev cai ntawm metrology yog peb:

1. Tej kev ntsuas - qhov kev sib piv.
2. Tsis ntsuas cov ntaub ntawv yam tsis tau ib tug priori tsis tau.
3. Tau cov ntsuam tsis txhua pub muab kwv yees qhov tseem ceeb - tsuas yog random nce mus nce los.

sections metrology

Science yog muab faib ua ob peb yam:

• Theoretical. Fundamentals ntawm metrology yog raws li nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav. Seem no tshuaj xyuas qhov feem ntau cov teeb meem ntawm ntau ntsuas, raws li zoo li ncaj qha mus npaj theoretical dogmas.
• Legislative. Social science, uas txiav txim seb tus yuav tsum tau cai lij choj thiab kev mob rau cov kev siv ntawm cov chav nyob ntawm kev ntsuas txoj kev thiab cov cuab yeej.
• Hos. Seb, ob txhais tes-section metrology, qhia txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub theoretical feem ntawm lub neej, raws li zoo raws li kev soj ntsuam txog nrog metrology software.
• Keeb kwm. Tshuaj xyuas yav dhau los ntsuas units, lawv kev vam meej nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm txiav txim lawv cov npe, raws li zoo raws li lub kev sib raug zoo nrog cov qauv ntawm tes taw hnyav li thiab ntsuas ntawm tiam no.
• Tshwj Xeeb chaw. Cov no muaj xws "tshwj xeeb" metrology - kev kho mob, tshuaj, aerospace, lom (biometrics).

standardization Metrology

Metrology thiab standardization yog zoo txuas. Standardization nyob rau hauv no yam - lub dav dav thiab kev cai ntawm metrological kev pab txhawb nqa mus nrog tus lawm txheej txheem. Cov khoom yuav tag nrho cov kev cai qhuab qhia txog rau cov khoom: ntxawg cov ntaub ntawv nrog rau cov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm zoo qauv ntawm kam rau ua, raws li tau zoo raws li txoj kev mus cuag benchmark tau. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tsim cov qauv yuav tau mus thov tsis tau tsuas yog rau ib tug enterprise, tab sis kuj yuav ua kev pab.

Standardization Metrology hom phiaj nyob rau hauv cov nram no:

• Kev txiav txim ntawm lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm qhov zoo tshaj ntawm tus siv khoom, cov thawj tshaj plaws ua yog standardized Cheebtsam thiab raw khoom.
• Cov kev loj hlob ntawm kev kev rau qhov zoo ntawm lub resulting khoom uas ces txiav txim siab los ntawm txoj kev metrological tswj.
• Cov muaj siab rau uniformity ntawm cov khoom.
• Tsim qauv system los xyuas kom meej qhov kev sib sau ntawm tag nrho cov qhov ntev nyob rau hauv lub enterprise.

Metrology thiab standardization khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv ob lub ntsiab ntaub ntawv:

• Standard - raws li txoj cai thiab hauj com nrog tej yam kev cai, kev cai thiab yuav tsum rau hauv qhuav thiab cov khoom zaum kawg. Tus tam sim no cov txheej txheem - qhov no yog kev pom zoo los ntawm cov kev tso cai lub koom haum.
• TU (technical tej yam kev mob) - ib tug txheej ntawm cov kev cai, kev cai thiab yuav tsum tau rau ib tug yam khoom.

Teev standardization Metrology:

• International. International standardization thiab Metrology Center yog rog ntawm ob peb lub xeev united luam, cov kev scientific kev loj hlob, lub kawm tuab si lug ntawm cov chaw tiv thaiv thiab thiaj li nyob.
• Lub xeev. Standardization Metrology nqa tawm los ntawm pej xeem cov tub ceev xwm, uas kuj tsim nws lawm yav tom ntej txoj kev loj hlob.
• National. Dua ib lub teb chaws teev, tab sis tsis muaj rau hauv tib neeg cuam tshuam rau tus tub ceev xwm.

Lub ntsiab Lavxias teb sab Center rau standardization thiab Metrology - ib tug GSS (xeev system ntawm standardization). Qhov no txoj combines rau tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau tsim rau hauv ib tug tag nrho, nws yuav pab standardize raug thiab zus tau tej cov tag nrho cov domestic cov nroj tsuag thiab factories.

State Center ntawm Metrology thiab muab ntawv pov thawj

Raws li Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws txoj cai lij choj "Nyob rau kom ntseeg tau txoj kev sib sau ntawm ntsuam" nyob rau hauv lub xeev kev tswj cov kev ua ub los xyuas kom meej qhov kev koom ua ke ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab xeev Standard ntawm kev ntsuas. thiab GMR yog nyob rau hauv nws cov kev txiav txim - lub xeev metrological kev pab cuam. Nws muaj xws li cov nram qab no Cheebtsam:

• Ncau ceg ntawm lub hauv paus apparatus ntawm lub State Standard ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation lub luag hauj lwm rau qhov kev npaj, kev tswj thiab kev tswj ntawm lub uniformity ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm lub teb chaws tus ntoo khaub lig-kev lag luam theem.
• SSMC (xeev scientific metrological chaw zov me nyuam) - lub luag hauj lwm rau txoj kev loj hlob, stockpiling thiab siv cov qauv qauv, raws li tau zoo raws li rau qhov kev npaj ntawm ntxawg cov ntaub ntawv, muab traceability.
• HMS scale units ntawm lub RF kawm - Realization ntawm metrological tswj nyob rau hauv tej cheeb tsam.

Centers ntawm cov qauv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation

Thawj State Metrology Center yog xam VNIIMS - All-Lavxias teb sab kev tshawb fawb lub koom haum rau Metrological Service. Nws thiaj li tawm tau scientific thiab methodical tswj ntawm tag nrho cov metrological cov kev pab cuam, tswj cov kev ua ub, raws li zoo raws li tsim muaj ntau yam ntawm (economic, koom haum, kev) bases ntawm metrological them nyiaj yug.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau cov qauv VNIIMS tseem ceeb chaw zov me nyuam nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation tseem yuav:

• VNIIM. Ntawm no yog tsim thiab khaws tseg los ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb system ntawm tes taw hnyav li thiab ntsuas, tsis suav kuaj zaus cov chav nyob thiab lub sij hawm. Lub koom haum tuav ntau tshaj 50% ntawm tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab xeev cov qauv.
• VNIIFTRI. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem nyob rau hauv qhov no koom haum yog sib nqus tus qauv, lub qhov ntau ntawm xov tooj cua zaus units, hardness, siab, ionizing tawg, thiab lwm yam tsawg kub.
• VNIIOFI. Cov kev ntsuam sib txawv ntawm cov laser tsis, kev kho mob tsis, spectrometry, thiab lwm yam kho qhov muag qhov tseem ceeb.
• SNIIM. Qauv hluav taws xob, magnetic, xov tooj cua thiab lwm yam tsiaj.

Kev ua ub no metrology chaw zov me nyuam

Lub ntsiab vector ntawm kev ua si HMS - txij nkawm ntawm kev sib sau ntawm ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv nws cov feem ntawm lub luag hauj lwm cov metrological them nyiaj yug ntawm kev ntsuas nyob rau hauv Russia, lub xeev tswj hauv lub teb ntawm metrology. Cov lus qhia ntawm lub GMR - nws yog:

• lub tsev lag luam ntawm cov qauv, lub teb chaws thiab theem nrab;
• txoj kev systems los yog tshaj tawm hauv xov kis tau tus mob tsis muaj FB ua hauj lwm SI units;
• gosnadzora qhov siv / siv / xeev / kho ntsuas systems;
• metrological kev soj ntsuam ntawm ntau yam khoom;
• methodical them nyiaj yug ntawm sab metrological cov kev pab cuam.

zog Rosstandart

Rosstandart thiab metrology - ib tug ua tau zoo ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm xws zog:

• Sib haum ntawm cov ua hauj lwm los xyuas kom meej traceability.
• Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev cai ntawm creation, cia, pom zoo thiab lag luam los ntawm cov nqi qauv.
• Metrological lub xeev saib xyuas.
• Coj HMS thiab lwm yam kev pab lub luag hauj lwm rau traceability.
• Adoption ntawm cov qauv thiab cov kev tswj los xyuas kom meej uniformity ntawm kev ntsuas.
• Recognition ntawm kev li ntsuas txhais tau tias.
• Kev loj hlob thiab pom zoo los ntawm kev ntsuas txoj kev.
• Accreditation chaw zov me nyuam muaj SI.
• Adoption ntawm SR hom.
• Khaws FSTS.
• Pom zoo SI npe, yuav raug pov thawj.
• Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub daim ntawv tso cai cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tib neeg thiab cov chaw uas manufacture, kho, muag los yog muab mus rau SI ntiav.
• Npaj thiab lub koom haum ntawm ntau yam metrological kev ua ub no thiab li ntawd.

SI - qhov no ...

Cia peb tig mus rau qhov ntau densely Metrology thiab ntsuas. xab seev (SI) - ib tug kev ntaus ntawv uas ntsuam yog nqa tawm. Nws yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nws plays los yog yuav tau ib chav tsev ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm ib lub cev muaj nuj nqis.

Tsoom fwv teb chaws txoj cai lij choj № 102 txiav txim SI raws li txhais tau tias, ib tug uas yog nplooj siab - ntsuas. Muaj xws li ib tug ntaus ntawv rau ntsuas seev nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws ua tau tsuas yog tsoom fwv teb chaws lub koom haum rau kev cai thiab metrology.

kev faib SI

Ntawm no yog cov feem ntau kev faib xab seev nyob rau hauv metrology thiab ntsuas:

• Ntsuas tsis rau kev txiav txim:
  • siab;
  • kub;
  • kom muaj nuj nqis;
  • theem;
  • tshuaj concentration thiab li ntawd.
• Coob ntsuas:
  • taag cuab tam;
  • pab.
• Standardization SI:
  • standardized;
  • uas tsis yog-standardized.
• Nyob rau qhov teeb meem ntawm lub pov thawj tswvyim:
  • qauv;
  • SI neeg ua haujlwm.
• Raws li mus rau theem ntawm automation:
  • txhais tes;
  • caw kaw lus;
  • tsis siv neeg.
• Raws li tehnaznacheniyu:
  • ntsuas lub cev ntau - SR, me nyuam los yog khaws cia rau hauv tus nqi ntawm ib tug / ob peb ntau thiab tsawg pab;
  • Ntsuas - SI, uas koj yuav kawm tau cov nqi ntsuas nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ntau yam;
  • Transmitter - SR, uas converts ib tug measured nqi mus rau lwm lub;
  • ntsuas system - ib tug complex, combining ob peb transmitters, seev thiab tej yam, uas yog nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw;
  • ntsuas system - ib tug complex uas combines ob peb yam kev ntsuas, seev, tshuab thiab transducers muaj peev xwm ntawm xab mus tua nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm tus kwv;
  • xab thiab xam system - ib tug system uas combines ob peb SI, computers, tsim nyob rau ib los yog ntau tshaj ntawm cov kev ntsuas ntawm txoj kev pab raws qib.

Cov kev ntsuam: hom thiab cov hau kev

Ntsuas no yog hu ua kev nrhiav qhov tseem ceeb ntawm yam tseem ceeb empirically los ntawm SI. Nws lub ntsiab txoj kev yog ob - tam sim ntawd kev luj xyuas thiab kev sib piv ntawm cov kev ntsuas. Xeem muab faib ntxiv rau hauv txawv, zero, coincidence txoj kev thiab tus txheem. Xav txog cov uas tsim nyog SI paub qhov txawv piav thoob hlo, heuristic, kws muaj txuj thiab instrumental txoj kev.

Hais txog metrology thiab ntsuam, peb sawv cev rau lub kev faib ntawm lub yav tas hom:

• Characterization raug: sib npaug zos raug thiab tsis zoo tib. Los yog nyiaj pab ntau tshaj cov neeg, calibration thiab tswj engineering.
• Los ntawm txoj kev ntawm tau txais cov ntaub ntawv: kev sib cuag thiab contactless.
• Raws li cov xov tooj ntawm ntsuam: hluas thiab ntau yam.
• Los ntawm kev hloov lub hom ntawm cov measured nqi: zoo li qub thiab dynamic.
• Raws li npaj: metrological thiab technical.
• Raws li cov ntau yam ntawm sawv cev ntawm tshwm sim: tus txheeb ze thiab tsis yog.
• Raws li txoj kev ntawm tau npaum cov ntaub ntawv: mus ncaj, indirect, cumulative thiab kev sib koom tes.

daim ntaub ntawv SI

Thaum kawg threads "Metrology, xab, ib tug xab ntsuas" txhais daim ntawv sau npe SI dictated FZ № 102:

• tej kev tiv thaiv;
• ua hauj lwm rau kev tiv thaiv;
• lub xeev tswj;
• chaw ntawm kev ua si nyob rau hauv tus tiv thaiv kev lag luam;
• hydrometeorology;
• nyiaj txiag, se, kev lis kev cai, banking hauj lwm;
• kev ua si nawv;
• txoj kev nyab xeeb;
• kho tsiaj;
• cov judiciary;
• telecommunications, post chaw ua hauj lwm;
• conformity kev ntsuam xyuas;
• tshuaj;
• tswj raug;
• geography, num;
• ntim cov khoom;
• cov lag luam tawm;
• teb ntawm nuclear zog.

Standards thiab metrology yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb, kws, thiab rau tag nrho cov sectors ntawm haiv neeg. Yog hais tias tsis muaj standardization rau metrology yog ib qhov nyuaj los tsim, cov txhais tau tias txoj kev ntsuas qhov ntau ua ib feem ntawm tib neeg lub neej.