Romanticism raws li ib tug txawj zog. Romanticism nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19

Qhov no txaus yog ib yam ntawm cov loj artistic cov txheej xwm nyob rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Russia, teb chaws Europe thiab America. Romanticism raws li ib tug txawj zog yug nyob rau hauv lub lig XVIII xyoo pua, tab sis mus txog rau nws loj tshaj txoj kev vam meej nyob rau hauv lub 1830s. Txij li thaum lub thaum ntxov 1850s, lub sij hawm pib mus rau hauv poob, tab sis nws threads yog rho los ntawm tag nrho XIX xyoo pua, muab ib lub hauv paus nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw xws li symbolism, decadence thiab neo-Romanticism.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm Romanticism

Xam tias yog lub birthplace ntawm cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, tshwj xeeb yog teb chaws Aas Kiv thiab Fabkis, chaw pib lub npe ntawm lub artistic cov kev taw qhia - «romantisme». Yog vim li cas yog hais tias lub Romanticism ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 sawv raws li ib tug rau txim ntawm lub Fabkis kiv puag ncig.

Cov kiv puag ncig rhuav pov tseg tag nrho hierarchy muaj yav tas los, do lub neej thiab kev sib raug zoo strata. Tus txiv neej pib xav tias kho siab, thiab pib mus nrhiav solace nyob rau hauv kev twv txiaj thiab lwm yam kev lom zem. Tiv thaiv no tom qab, thiab lub tswv yim tias tag nrho cov ntawm lawv lub neej yog ib tug kev ua si nyob rau hauv uas muaj cov winners thiab losers. Lub ntsiab hero ntawm ib tug romantic ua hauj lwm ntawm txhua ua ib tug txiv neej ua si nrog txoj hmoo, nrog destiny.

Yuav ua li cas yog Romanticism

Romanticism - nws yog ib yam dab tsi uas tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv: coj txawv txawv, zoo kawg thiab zoo heev tshwm sim, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nrog cov assertion ntawm tus neeg los ntawm nws sab ntsuj plig thiab muaj tswv yim lub neej. Mas cov txheej xwm unfolding tawm tsam lub backdrop ntawm lub expressed mob siab rau, tag nrho cov cim tau kom meej meej qhia los ntawm lub cim, lawv muaj feem ntau muab tej txiaj ntsim nrog ib tug kws pheej faav xeeb ntsuj plig.

Cov sau ntawv ntawm cov Romantic era muab qhia ntau txog on lub fact tias lub ntsiab tus nqi nyob hauv lub neej - ib tug neeg yog leej twg. Txhua tus neeg - ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub ntiaj teb no tag nrho ntawm amazing kev zoo nkauj. Nws yog los ntawm muaj tag nrho cov twv kev tshoov siab thiab lofty sentiments, thiab muaj yog ib tug ib txwm mus idealize.

Raws li cov novelists, qhov zoo tagnrho - lub notion ntawm lub ephemeral, tab sis muaj ib txoj cai nyob ua ib ke. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog tshaj tag nrho cov zoo tib yam, yog li lub cim tseem ceeb thiab nws lub tswv yim yog ncaj qha txwv rau txhua hnub kev sib raug zoo thiab cov ntaub ntawv yam.

yus nta

Nta ntawm Romanticism raws li ib tug txawj zog yog li yooj yim lub tswv yim thiab kev tsis sib haum.

Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm zoo siv txhua yam khoom - zog qhov hero nyob rau hauv lub cev qhov chaw. Qhov tseeb raws li nws qhia qhov tsis meej pem ntawm tus ntsuj plig, nws tsis tu ncua tam sim no xav thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm - cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm nws.

Zoo li ntau artistic taw, Romanticism nws muaj nws tus kheej tsis sib haum. Ntawm no, tag nrho cov tswvyim yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub complex kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov protagonist nrog lub ntiaj teb sab nraum. Nws yog heev tus kheej thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tawm tsam lub phem npaum licas, hais lus phem, cov ntaub ntawv uas cov khoom ntawm kev muaj tiag hais tias ua cas manifested nyob rau hauv nws ua, kev xav thiab tswv yim ntawm cov ua cim. Feem ntau cov lus hais nyob rau hauv no hwm raws li nram no piv txwv ntawm kev sau ntawv Romanticism: Childe Harold - lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm "Childe Harold lub Pilgrimage" Byron thiab Pechorin - los ntawm lub "Hero of Our Lub sij hawm" Lermontov.

Yog hais tias peb saib lub ntsab lug saum toj no, nws hloov tawm hais tias lub hauv paus ntawm tej xws li cov khoom - cov kis ntawm cov kev muaj tiag thiab idealized lub ntiaj teb uas muaj heev ntse hau.

Romanticism nyob rau hauv European ntaub ntawv

European Romanticism ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 yog zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv uas nyob rau hauv nws cov feem ntau ntawm nws tej hauj lwm muaj ib tug zoo heev foundation. Cov no yog cov heev heev xav tsis thoob legends, cov dabneeg luv luv thiab novels.

Lub ntsiab lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv uas lub Romanticism raws li ib tug txawj zog yog feem ntau impressively, yog Fabkis, Teb chaws Aas Kiv thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Qhov no artistic phenomenon muaj ob peb theem:

1. 1801-1815 xyoo. Pib lub tsev rau hauv cov romantic zoo nkauj.
2. 1815-1830 xyoo. Lub rov tshwm sim thiab flourishing ntawm chav kawm, lub ntsiab txhais ntawm lub yooj yim postulates ntawm no.
3. 1830-1848 xyoo. Romanticism yog hnav nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau social daim ntawv.

Txhua yam ntawm cov teb chaws tau ua nws tus kheej, tshwj xeeb pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub hais tias kev cai tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv Fabkis, lub romantic txawj tej hauj lwm muaj ib tug nom tswv coloring, sau ntawv twb hostile mus rau qhov tshiab bourgeoisie. Qhov no lub neej, raws li Fabkis cov nuj nqis, puas lub meej mom ntawm tus neeg, txoj kev zoo nkauj thiab txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm ntsuj plig.

Nyob rau hauv cov lus Askiv kev lig kev cai Romanticism muaj rau heev ib cov sij hawm, tab sis txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua tsis sawv tawm raws li ib tug cov txawj zog. English ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub Fabkis, tag nrho ntawm gothic, kev ntseeg, lub teb chaws dab neeg, kab lis kev cai, cov neeg pluag thiab neeg ua hauj lwm 'koom haum ua teb (nrog rau sab ntsuj plig kev txiav txim zoo). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Lus Askiv prose thiab lyrics uas muaj cov mus txawv tebchaws mus nyob deb pawg neeg thaj av thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm txawv teb chaws pawg neeg thaj av.

Nyob rau hauv German Romanticism raws li ib tug txawj zog twb los ntawm idealist philosophy. Bases steel kheej thiab txoj kev ywj pheej neeg oppressed feudalism thiab xaav ntawm lub ntug raws li ib tug nyob system. Yuav luag txhua txhua German ua hauj lwm yog permeated nrog reflections rau tib neeg hav zoov thiab lub neej ntawm nws tus ntsuj plig.

Teb chaws Europe: piv txwv ntawm tej hauj lwm

Cov qhov tseem hnov tej hauj lwm ntawm European txawj tej hauj lwm hauv qab no yog xam tias yog yuav nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm Romanticism:

- lub treatise "ntse heev ntawm Christianity", zaj dab neeg "Atala" thiab "Rene" Chateaubriand;

- novels "Ntses taub ntswg ntev", "Corinna, los yog Ltalis," Germaine de Stael;

- tshiab "Adolf" Benjamin Qhov;

- tus tshiab "Confessions ntawm ib tug me nyuam ntawm cov xyoo pua" Musset;

- tshiab "Cinq-Mars," Vigny;

- manifesto "Phau" rau cov khoom, "Cromwell", tus tshiab "Notre Dame de Paris" Hugo;

- yeebyam "Henry III thiab nws tsev hais plaub", ib tug series ntawm novels txog lub Musketeers, "Lub Count ntawm Monte Cristo" thiab "Koroleva Margo" Dumas;

- novels "Indiana", "Wayfarer", "Horace", "Consuelo" Zhorzh Xuab zeb;

- manifesto "Racine thiab Shakespeare" Stendhal;

- lub paj huam "Laus neeg tsav nkoj" thiab "Kristabel" Coleridge;

- "Eastern paj huam" thiab "Manfred" Byron;

- ib tug sau ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Balzac;

- tshiab "Ivanhoe" Valtera Skotta;

- taleas "Hyacinth thiab Rose" tshiab "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" Novalis;

- collections ntawm zaj dabneeg luv luv, fairy tales thiab cov dab neeg ntawm Hoffmann.

Romanticism nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv

Lavxias teb sab Romanticism ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 originated nyob rau hauv tib tus ntawm Western ntaub ntawv. Txawm li cas los, dua li no, nws muaj nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv, uas yuav khiav ntawm yav tas los lub caij.

Qhov no artistic tshwm sim nyob rau Russia siab qhia lub advanced neeg ua hauj lwm thiab revolutionaries tsis nyiam mus qhov kev txiav txim bourgeoisie, nyob rau hauv particular, rau nws txoj kev ntawm lub neej - unbridled, tsis dawb huv thiab siab phem. Lavxias teb sab Romanticism ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 yog qhov ncaj qhov tsim nyog tau ntawm cov neeg uas ntxeev siab mus ob peb vas thiab anticipation ntawm qhov tseem ceeb heev milestones nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws.

tseem ceeb ob tiam sis nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub sij hawm: lub puas siab puas ntsws thiab civil. Tus thawj raug raws li qhov kev piav qhia thiab kev soj ntsuam ntawm txoj kev xav thiab cwj pwm txawv; lub thib ob - nyob rau hauv cov qib sib ntaus tawm tsam lub neej niaj hnub. General thiab lub niam tswv yim ntawm tag nrho cov novelists yog hais tias ib tug kws sau paj lug los yog ib tug txawj sau ntawv tau rau coj raws li cov neeg hom phiaj uas nws tau piav nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm.

Zog ntawm Guj kuj: Piv txwv ntawm tej hauj lwm

Cov feem ntau cov tawm cov piv txwv ntawm Romanticism nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo - yog:

- taleas "Ondine", "Lub Raug Kaw Nkuaj ntawm Chillon", lub txhiab "King ntawm cov hav zoov", "Neeg nuv ntses," Zhukovsky "Lenora";

- tej hauj lwm ntawm "Eugene Onegin," "poj huab tais ntawm Spades" los ntawm Pushkin;

- "Lub Hmo ntuj Ua ntej Christmas" los ntawm Gogol;

- "A Hero of Our Lub sij hawm" Lermontov.

Romanticism nyob rau hauv American ntaub ntawv

Nyob rau hauv America, tus qauv yog me ntsis tom qab txoj kev loj hlob: thawj zaug rau theem nws hnub rov qab mus rau lub xyoo 1820-1830, tus ua raws li - 1840-1860 xyoo ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. Thaum ob leeg theem cov kom los ntawm kev tsov kev unrest nyob rau hauv Fabkis (uas muab ntxiv rau lub creation ntawm lub US), li ntawd, ncaj qha thiab nyob rau hauv America (tsov rog rau ywj pheej los ntawm teb chaws Aas Kiv thiab kev ua rog ntawm North thiab South).

Artistic kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv American Romanticism sawv cev los ntawm ob hom: cov abolitionist, nrog rau lub liberation ntawm kev ua cev qhev, thiab cov sab hnub tuaj, idealized Plantation.

Amelikas tej ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm no yog raws li nyob rau hauv txoj kev paub thiab redefining lwm yam yog tej los ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab tov nrog cov thawj txoj kev thiab pace ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub tseem tshiab thiab me ntsis muaj cuab kav nrog mainland. American tej hauj lwm ntawm richly flavored teb chaws suab, ib tug siab ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab lub tawm tsam rau txoj kev ywj pheej.

American Romanticism. piv txwv ntawm cov khoom

- ib tug series ntawm "Alhambra" dab neeg "dab nkauj nyab", "Rip Van Winkle" thiab "Cov lus dab neeg ntawm Tsaug zog kus Hollow," Washington Irving;

- tus tshiab "Tus kawg ntawm lub Mohicans" los ntawm James Fenimore Cooper;

- paj huam "Tus Raven", cov dab neeg "Ligeia", "Golden kab", "Lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub tsev ntawm Usher" thiab lwm yam E. Allan Poe;

- tshiab "Tus xoo pob liab vog Tsab ntawv" thiab "Lub tsev ntawm lub Xya Gables" Gorton;

- tshiab "Typee" thiab "Moby Dick" Melville;

- tus tshiab "txiv ntxawm Tom lub Alarm," Harriet Beecher Stowe;

- ib tug poetic lus dab neeg ntawm "Evangeline", "Lub Song ntawm Hiawatha", "restore ntawm Mais Standish," Longfellow;

- ib tug sau ntawm "Nplooj ntawm Nyom," Whitman;

- sau ntawv "Poj niam nyob rau hauv lub Nineteenth Xyoo pua" los ntawm Margaret Fuller.

Romanticism raws li ib tug txawj zog muaj ib tug muaj zog cawv rau cov suab paj nruag, ua yeeb yam thiab painting - yog txaus yuav tau nco qab tus heev heev ua yeeb yam thiab cov duab ntawm cov sij hawm. Qhov no tshwm sim mas vim zoo xws chaw raws li high school kom zoo nkauj thiab siab ntsws xav, pathos thiab heroism, chivalry thiab idealization ntawm tib neeg. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov uas muaj hnub nyoog ntawm Romanticism yog haum luv luv-nyob, nws tsis cuam tshuam rau tej chaw ntawm cov phau ntawv sau nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum tom ntej - cov zajlus tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab ntawm lub sij hawm hlub thiab hwm los ntawm cov pej xeem mus hnub no.