Mercury: ib tug txaus ntshai rau tib neeg. Qhov ntau txaus ntshai lub mercury

Tus thawj cov lus qhia txog lub tebchaw uas muaj mercury, tuaj sau rau peb los ntawm lub sij hawm immemorial. Aristotle hais rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv 350 BC, tab sis archaeological pov thawj qhia ua ntej lawm lub sij hawm ntawm daim ntawv thov. Lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm kev siv ntawm mercury twb tshuaj, kos duab thiab architecture, zus tau tej cov Venetian tsom iav, hlau ua, thiab li ntawm. D. Nws ntseg cov neeg paub tsuas yog xyaum ua tej yam uas yuav tsum tau ib tug ntau lub sij hawm thiab nqi ntau lub neej. Qhov tseeb hais tias mercury yog txaus ntshai rau tib neeg, nws yog lub npe hu txij thaum pib ntawm nws siv. Niaj hnub nimno txoj kev thiab txhais tau tias ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntau npaum li cas zoo thiab kev ruaj ntseg, tab sis tseem muaj ntau yam ntawm no hlau tus neeg tseem tsis paub.

tshuaj caij

Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, lub mercury - ib tug hnyav kua yog dawb thiab nyiaj, nws belongs rau lub hlau twb tau muaj pov thawj M. V. Lomonosovym thiab I. Brown nyob rau hauv 1759. Zaum pom tau hais tias nyob rau hauv lub khoom hauv lub xeev yog electrically conductive thiab tej zaum yuav forged. Mercury (Hydrargyrum, Hg) nyob rau hauv lub Periodic D. I. Mendeleeva muaj atomic tooj 80, yog nyob rau hauv lub thib rau lub sij hawm, cov pab pawg neeg 2, thiab koom mus rau ib tug zinc pab pawg. Txhais los ntawm lub Latin lub npe lus txhais tau tias "nyiaj dej" ntawm Laus - "rau yob." Lub uniqueness ntawm lub caij no twb yog nyob rau hauv lub fact tias tsuas yog kua hlau, uas nyob rau hauv cov xwm yog nyob rau hauv dispersed daim ntawv thiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tebchaw. Tee ntawm mercury, zawv zawg rau lub pob zeb, - tus phenomenon ntawm lub tsis yooj yim sua. Hniav puas loj caij - 200 g / mol, lub atomic puag ncig - 157 pm.

zog

Nyob rau hauv 20 ^{° C} cov kev luj ntawm mercury yog 13,55 g / ^cm3, lub melting txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ^{hais txog} -39 C mus rau lub kub - 357 ^{° C,} rau kev soj ntsuam xyuas -38,89 ° ^C. Muaj vapor siab muab ib tug high school cov evaporation tus nqi . Nrog ua kub, lub mercury vapor yog cov feem ntau txaus ntshai rau muaj sia nyob, thiab tsis yog ib qho chaw khuam siab dej los yog lwm yam kua rau hauv tus txheej txheem. Feem ntau cov cov khoom teejtug uas cog noob nyob rau hauv kev xyaum - muab hlau uas yog tsim los ntawm lub xaus ntawm lub hlau mercury. Nrog nws loj tus naj npawb ntawm lem semiliquid hlau sau ua ib pawg xeev. Mercury yooj yim nyob ntawm lub compound uas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub rov qab los ntawm precious hlau los ntawm ore. Amalgamation tsis tau co xws li tungsten, hlau, molybdenum, vanadium. Sib mercury - sufficiently resistant neeg uas kis tau yooj yim nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg lub xeev thiab reacts nrog cov pa tsuas yog nyob rau kev kub muaj peevxwm (300 ° ^C). Los ntawm reacting nrog ib tug acid xaus tshwm sim xwb nyob rau hauv nitric acid thiab aqua regia. Nws yog xim hlau mercury yog oxidized nrog sulfur los yog poov tshuaj permanganate. Nws nquag reacts nrog halogens (iodine, bromine, fluorine, tshuaj chlorine ua) thiab uas tsis yog-hlau (selenium, phosphorus, sulfur). Organic tebchaw nrog cov pa roj carbon atom (alkyl-mercury) yog lub feem ntau ruaj khov daim ntawv thiab nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso ib puag ncig. Methylmercury yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm feem lom organometallic tebchaw nrog luv luv saw mus. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev no, lub mercury teeb meem rau tib neeg ua lub siab tshaj plaws.

Ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Yog hais tias peb xav txog mercury raws li ib tug mineral, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau industries thiab cov cheeb tsam ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no, nws yog ib tug tsawg hlau. Nws yog Kwv yees hais tias nyob rau hauv tus nto txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab muaj tsuas 0,02% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi ntawm hais tias lub caij. Feem ntau ntawm cov mercury thiab nws cov tebchaw yog nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv thiab dej dispersed nyob rau hauv cov cua. Tsis ntev los no kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias ib tug siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm no lub caij muaj lub ntiaj teb mantle. Nyob rau hauv raws li cov nqe lus muaj xws li ib tug tshaj plaws raws li ib tug "mercury ua tsis taus pa ntawm lub ntiaj teb." Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm Degassing los ntawm ntxiv evaporation ntawm tus nto. Qhov siab tshaj plaws mercury emissions tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm ntawm volcanic eruptions. Tom qab ntuj thiab neeg tsim emissions muaj nyob rau hauv lub voj voog, uas tshwm sim vim cov compound nrog rau lwm cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv dej siab tej yam kev mob. Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim thiab lwj ntawm mercury vapor tsis zoo kawm, tab sis qhov feem ntau tej zaum kev xav yog suav tias yog kev koom tes ntawm tej hom kab mob no. Tab sis lub ntsiab qhov teeb meem yog methyl thiab demitil-derivative tebchaw uas muaj kev koom tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm - nyob rau hauv cov cua, dej (demersal nkos los sis sectors feem ntau organic muaj kuab paug) - tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov catalysts. Methylmercury muaj heev zoo sib thooj nrog lom molecules. Lub txaus ntshai mercury - yog li no tau ntawm tsub zuj zuj nyob rau hauv tej sia vim allergic thiab yooj yim ntawm adaptation.

deposit

Minerals uas muaj mercury thiab mercury muaj ntau tshaj li 100, tab sis ib tug yooj yim compound uas muab ntau lawm profitability protrudes cinnabar. Nyob rau hauv feem pua cov ntsiab lus uas, nws muaj cov nram qab qauv: leej faj 12-14%, 86-88% mercury, cov neeg mercury gray ores, thiab lwm yam metacinnabarite attendant ntsiab sulfide minerals ... Qhov ntev cinnabar muaju nce mus txog 3-5 cm (nyiaj pab ntau tshaj), feem ntau yog ntawm loj 0.1-0.3 hli thiab tej zaum yuav muaj impurities ntawm zinc, silver, arsenic thiab cov zoo li. D. (20 ntsiab). Ore deposits nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj txog 500, feem ntau tsim teb nyob rau hauv Spain, Slovenia, Ltalis, Kyrgyzstan. Ob tug yooj yim txoj kev yog siv rau cov kev ua ore: oxidation nyob rau high school kub mus tso rau mercury thiab concentration ntawm pib cov ntaub ntawv uas ua raws li los ntawm cov zauv lub resulting concentrate.

daim ntawv sau npe

Vim lub fact tias cov kev txaus ntshai ntawm mercury muaj pov thawj, nrog rau cov 70-ies ntawm XX xyoo pua nws tas nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Tsuas yog ib tug yog thimerosal siv rau txoj kev txuag ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Siv hlau los ntsaws nyiaj hnub no kuj muaj nyob rau hauv kev kho hniav, tab sis yog kev koom moog paab cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj. Qhov tseem thoob plaws siv ntawm tej hlau yog tsau nyob creation ntawm seev thiab precision seev. Mercury vapors yog siv rau cov fluorescent thiab quartz teeb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub tswv yim nyob rau ntawm lub teeb kis cover ntawm lub vaj tse. Vim lub cim tshav kub muaj peev xwm ntawm nws yog xim hlau mercury thov nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov high-precision xab seev - thermometers. Lub alloys siv rau qhov siv thiab ua txoj hauj lwm sensors, bearings, kaw keyboards, actuators, li qub thiab cov zoo li. D. Biocidal xim yav tas los kuj muaj mercury thiab siv cov nkoj nkoj, uas tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm fouling. Tshuaj kev lag luam siv loj tagnrho cov ntsev ntawm lub caij li cov catalyst nyob rau hauv qhov qee ntawm acetaldehyde. Nyob rau hauv lub ua liaj ua teb sector sulemu calomel thiab siv los kho tus mob noob - toxic mercury tiv thaiv grain thiab noob los ntawm kab. Nyob rau hauv metallurgy, feem ntau nyob rau hauv coob ntawm cov hlau. Mercury tebchaw yog feem ntau siv raws li ib lub hauv paus rau lub electrolytic zus tau tej cov tshuaj, alkali hlau thiab kom nquag plias. Ntawm Kub active tshuaj caij yog siv rau kev ua ore. Mercury thiab nws cov tebchaw yog siv nyob rau hauv hniav nyiaj hniav kub, nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov iav thiab recyclable txhuas.

Toxicity (yus mercury)

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tus txiv neej-ua tib neeg kev ua si nyob rau hauv peb ib puag ncig tsub kom lub concentration ntawm tej yam tshuaj lom, muaj toj taug paug. Ib tug xws li lub caij, qhia nyob rau thawj txaus qhia rau virulence yog mercury. Cov kev txaus ntshai rau tib neeg ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic tebchaw thiab nws cov khub. Qhov no cumulative heev tshuaj lom tshuaj lom uas yuav noog nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev lub xyoo los yog ua nyob rau tib lub sij hawm. Cov Cns, enzymatic thiab hematopoietic system, thiab cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm kev qaug tshuaj lom thiab sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub koob thiab cov qauv ntawm cov allergic, toxicity ntawm lub compound raug. Mob mercury lom (txuam nrog ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb loj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv lub cev) yog yus muaj los ntawm astenovegetativnogo syndromes, mob ntawm poob siab system. Cov thawj cov cim qhia yog trembling muag daj, cov ntsis ntiv tes thiab ces nqua, tus nplaig thiab lub cev. Nrog ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm kev qaug tshuaj lom manifested insomnia, mob taub hau, xeev siab, impaired kev ua si ntawm tus mob huam, neurasthenia, nco zoo. Yog hais tias muaj yog mercury vapor lom, tus yam ntxwv cov tsos mob yog ua pa kab mob. Thaum raug rau unending tshuaj neeg sawv cev tsis deducing system uas yuav ua rau tuag.

Lom los ntawm Mercury ntsev

Tus ceev tshaj ntws thiab yooj yim txheej txheem. Cov tsos mob: mob taub hau, nws yog xim hlau saj, los ntshav cov pos hniav, stomatitis, nce tso zis thaum lub sij hawm nws gradual yuav txo tau thiab ua kom tiav cessation. Rau hauv loj heev raum puas tsuaj yam ntxwv, mob huam, nplooj siab. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg yuav ciaj sia, nws yuav nco ntsoov muaj neeg xiam. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm mercury tau nyob rau hauv lub nag lossis daus ntawm cov nqaijrog thiab ntshav erythrocyte hemolysis. Tiv thaiv lub keeb kwm ntawm cov tsos mob muaj yog irreversible kev puas tsuaj rau lub hauv paus poob siab system. Xws li ib tug caij, xws li mercury, txaus ntshai rau tus txiv neej yog nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv uas sis, thiab lom los tej zaum yuav muaj teeb: rau lub cev tag nrho, lawv yuav tsum tau reflected kuj nyob rau hauv lub nram qab no tiam.

Txoj kev ntawm allergic ntawm cov tshuaj lom

Lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm lom yog huab cua, dej, khoom noj. Mercury muaj peev xwm txeem lub pa ib ntsuj av tau los ntawm evaporation ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas los ntawm qhov chaw. Zoo bandwidth muaj daim tawv nqaij thiab hnyuv ib ntsuj av. Rau lom sufficiently ua luam dej nyob rau hauv cov dej, uas yog tus kab mob los ntawm muaj ntswg uas muaj mercury; haus cov khoom noj nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj lub caij uas yuav tau lawv tawm ntawm lub mob hom (ntses, nqaij). Mercury vapor lom mas feem ntau yog vim muaj ib tug ua hauj lwm ua si - uas tsis yog raws kev cai nrog kev ruaj ntseg txog cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab ntawm cov ntau lawm. Yog tsis muaj kev zam thiab lom nyob rau hauv ib tug domestic ib puag ncig. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum kev lag luam los ntawm pab kiag li lawm thiab seev muaj mercury thiab nws cov tebchaw.

Danger ntawm mercury tus pas ntsuas kub

Cov feem ntau siv kho mob ntsuas cov neeg - ib tug pas ntsuas kub, nws yog muaj nyob rau hauv txhua txhua lub tsev. Nyob rau hauv zoo tib yam tej yam kev mob ntawm lub neej, cov neeg feem coob tsis muaj kev nkag tau mus rau lub heev tshuaj lom tebchaw uas muaj xws li mercury. "Smashed pas ntsuas kub" - qhov no yog qhov feem ntau tej zaum qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sis raug zoo nrog cov tshuaj lom. Feem ntau ntawm peb cov compatriots tseem siv mercury nyob hauv tus ntsuas. Qhov no yog vim feem ntau rau cov neeg ntawm lawv cov lus thiab pej xeem tsis sib ntseeg tshiab technologies. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm mercury pas ntsuas kub puas tsuaj txaus ntshai rau tus txiv neej, ntawm chav kawm, yog tab sis poses ib tug txawm ntau dua kev hem thawj ignorance. Yog hais tias sai sai, nraaj thiab zoo nqa tawm ib tug series ntawm tej yam yooj yim manipulations, qhov kev raug mob yuav tau los yog hais tias, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus

.

theem 1

Ua ntej, koj yuav tsum sau tag nrho cov daim ntawm kev rhuav thermometers thiab mercury. Qhov no yog lub feem ntau lub sij hawm-siv, tab sis nws siv nyob rau hauv lub noj qab haus huv ntawm tag nrho cov neeg hauv tsev neeg thiab tej tsiaj. Rau kom zoo pov tseg, koj yuav tsum nqa ib khob hub, uas yuav tsum tau nruj nreem kaw. Ua ntej yuav pib ua hauj lwm rau hauv lub chav tsev tshem tawm tag nrho cov neeg, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws mus sab nraum los yog mus rau lwm chav tsev, qhov chaw uas muaj cov tau ntawm mus tas li cua. Tus txheej txheem ntawm sau mercury droplet tsis tau tau siv ib lub tshuab nqus tsev ntxhua khaub ncaws los yog ib tug khaub rhuab. Cov yav tas yuav zuaj ib tug loj feem ntawm cov hlau thiab los xyuas kom meej ib tug loj cheeb tsam ntawm lawv tis. Thaum lub tshuab nqus tsev nqus tsev vacuum yog nyob rau hauv txaus ntshai thaum lub sij hawm cov cua kub thaum lub sij hawm engine lag luam, tej yam thiab kub leeb lub evaporation ntawm tus hais thiab qhov no cov khoom siv yuav tom qab ntawd siv tsis tau rau nws npaj lub hom phiaj, nws yuav tsuas yuav tsum tau pov tseg.

ib theem zuj zus ntawm kev ua

1. Hnav pov tseg hnab looj tes, phais daim npog qhov ncauj, khau npog los yog hnab yas rau nkawm khau.
2. Ua tib zoo tshawb xyuas lub scene qhov twg ib tug pas ntsuas kub twb tawg; yog hais tias tus tau tshwm sim ntawm mercury nyob rau hauv textiles, khaub ncaws, ntaub pua plag, lawv tightly tau ntim rau hauv ib lub thoob khib nyiab hnab thiab muab pov tseg.
3. Khob qhov chaw mus rau hauv lub npaj ntim.
4. Loj dauv ntawm mercury siv ib daim ntawv ntawm daim ntawv los yog rab koob knitting koob sau los ntawm hauv pem teb nto.
5. Armed nrog ib lub teeb khoo, los yog txhim khu lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm lub chav tsev, nws yog tsim nyog los nthuav cov kev tshawb fawb rau me me hais (vim cov xim ntawm cov hlau nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus nrhiav tau).
6. Ua tib zoo soj ntsuam cov tub los ntxhais khoob, cov pob qij txha flooring, baseboards mus tshem tawm tau kis ntawm me me mob.
7. Nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw deb qhov chaw lub mercury yog mus rau ib tug koob txhaj, uas yog ces yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg.
8. Me mob ntawm hlau muaj peev xwm yuav tau koom ua ke nrog nplaum kab xev, nplaum.
9. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm tag nrho ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau tawm mus nyob rau hauv ib tug ventilated cheeb tsam los yog rau hauv txoj kev txhua txhua 20 feeb.
10. Tag nrho cov khoom thiab ke cov cuab yeej siv nyob rau hauv sau ntawm mercury yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg nrog lub txheem ntawm tus pas ntsuas kub.

kauj ruam 2

Tom qab ceev faj phau ntawv los ua ke yog tsim nyog los ua tshuaj ua chaw. Siv tej zaum yuav poov tshuaj permanganate (poov tshuaj permanganate) - ib tug siab concentration tshuaj (tsaus xim) nyob rau hauv yuav tsum tau npaum li cas mus rau lub kho cheeb tsam. Tas yuav tsum hnav tshiab hnab looj tes yas thiab ib tug npog qhov ncauj. Tag nrho cov chaw yuav kho nrog lub resulting tov los ntawm txoj kev rags, thiab muaj ib tug thaum lub caij so, qhov, nrib pleb thiab pob qij txha yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws lawm ua tus sau los ntawm ib tug tov. Thaum 10:00 tom ntej no qhov zoo tshaj plaws tawm mus rau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb huv txoj kev. Tom qab no lub sij hawm poov tshuaj permanganate tshuaj twb ntxuav nrog dej ntshiab, ces ntxuav nrog ib tug xab npum thiab ib ncig ntawm lub tsev. Tom ntej no 6-7 hnub yuav tsum tau mus nqa tawm kev airing ntawm cov chaw zov txhua hnub ntub tu. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau soj ntsuam xyuas cov uas tsis muaj mercury, koj yuav caw cov kws txawj nrog tshwj xeeb khoom ntawm Epidemiology chaw zov me nyuam.

intoxication kev kho mob

LEEJ TWG tseem ceeb rau hauv 8 feem ntau txaus ntshai tshuaj, cov ntsiab lus ntawm uas nyob rau hauv cov cua, cov zaub mov thiab dej yuav tsum muaj ua tib zoo saib xyuas vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov kev hem thawj rau tib neeg lub neej thiab noj qab haus huv. Qhov no hmoov txhuas, cadmium, arsenic, tin, hlau, tooj liab, zinc thiab, ntawm chav kawm, cov tshuaj mercury. Kev ruaj hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khoom yog heev siab heev, thiab lub txim ntawm kev lom yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis txhob rau lawv kiag li. Lub mainstay ntawm kev kho mob yog ib tug neeg tiv thaiv los ntawm ntxiv kev sib cuag nrog lub tshuaj lom. Thaum slack thiab uas tsis yog-ntev zaum ntawm mercury lom yog tas nyob hauv cov quav, zis, hws. Toxic koob tshuaj yog 0.4 ml, cov - 100 mg. Thaum xav tias mus nrog cov tshuaj lom yuav tsum tau thov rau ib tug kws uas nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev kuaj tau txiav txim seb tus neeg kawm ntawv uas intoxication thiab muab txoj kev kho.