Manganese (tshuaj caij): zog thiab daim ntawv thov, cov ntawv ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation, interesting tseeb

Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws steel hlau yog manganese. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog feem ntau heev txawv txawv caij, uas yog txuam nrog nthuav tseeb. Tseem ceeb rau muaj sia nyob, nws yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm ntau yam alloys, tshuaj. Manganese - ib tug tshuaj caij, ib tug yees duab ntawm cov uas yuav tsum tau pom hauv qab no. Nws yog nws zog thiab cov yam ntxwv sib tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Yam ntxwv tshuaj caij

Yog hais tias peb tham txog manganese li ib tug keeb ntawm Periodic system, yog thawj zaug uas yuav tsum mus rau tuab nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws.

1. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov plaub zoo lub sij hawm, lub xya pab pawg neeg, lub sub-pawg.
2. Serial tooj - 25. Manganese - lub caij, tus nqi ntawm cores uas yog sib npaug zos rau 25 atoms. Tus nab npawb ntawm electrons yog tib yam neutron - 30.
3. Tus nqi ntawm lub atomic loj - 54,938.
4. Los tshuaj manganese caij - Mn.
5. Latin lub npe - manganese.

Nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub chromium thiab hlau, uas piav txog nws kev zoo sib thooj nrog lawv nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab tshuaj cov yam ntxwv.

Manganese - ib tug tshuaj caij: kev hloov hlau

Yog hais tias peb xav txog ib tug muab atom electron configuration, nws mis yuav muaj rau hauv daim ntawv: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 4s ² 3d ^5. Nws yuav khees tias cov qhia txog kev tiv tauj lub caij - yog ib txoj kev hloov hlau ntawm d-tsev neeg. Tsib electrons nyob rau hauv lub 3d-sublevel sib tham txog tus stability ntawm lub atom, uas yog manifested nyob rau hauv nws cov tshuaj zog.

Raws li cov txo hlau yog manganese, tiam sis feem ntau ntawm nws cov tebchaw tau qhia thiab txaus muaj zog oxidizing muaj peev xwm. Qhov no yog vim txawv degrees ntawm oxidation thiab valences, uas muaj cov active caij. Qhov no yog qhov feature ntawm no tsev neeg ntawm cov hlau.

Yog li, manganese - tshuaj caij, nyob ntawm cov lwm atoms, thiab muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb cov yam ntxwv. Xav seb tej khoom nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Manganese - ib tug tshuaj caij. oxidation degree

Peb twb raug nplua lub tshuab hluav taws xob mis ntawm lub atom. Raws li nws, qhov no caij yuav tau yuav ntau zoo oxidation lub xeev. Lawv yog:

• 0;
• +2;
• 3;
• 4;
• 6;
• 7.

Lub valence ntawm lub atom yog IV. Qhov tseem ruaj khov yog cov tebchaw nyob rau hauv uas qhov tseem ceeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv manganese +2, +4, + 6. Qhov siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm oxidation tso cai tebchaw mus ua raws li muaj zog oxidants. Piv txwv li: KMnO _4, Mn ₂ O _7.

Tebchaw nrog ob tug txo cov neeg ua hauj yog hydroxide, manganese (II) muaj amphoteric zog, nrog ib tug predominance ntawm yooj yim. Intermediate degrees ntawm oxidation ntsuas tsim amphoteric compound.

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations

Manganese - ib tug tshuaj caij uas tau raug qhib ib zaug, tab sis maj mam thiab los ntawm txawv zaum. Txawm li cas los, nws sib txuas, cov neeg siv txij ancient sij hawm. Manganese oxide (IV) siv rau melting iav. Ib tug Italian hais tias qhov sib ntxiv ntawm no compound paints lawv xim purple rau hauv lub tshuaj ntau lawm ntawm cov iav. Nrog rau qhov no, tus tib tshuaj yuav pab tau tshem tawm turbidity nyob rau hauv dawb lias tsom iav.

Tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv Austria paub txog Qaim tswj tau txais daim ntawm nws yog xim hlau manganese, sawv kub pyurolizit (manganese oxide (IV)), potash thiab thee. Txawm li cas los, qhov no cov qauv muaj ib tug ntau ntawm impurities, mus tshem tawm hais tias nws yuav tsis, li ntawd, cov lus qhib tsis tau qhov chaw.

Tom qab ntawd tseem lwm tus paub txog tsim raws li ib tug sib tov nyob rau hauv uas ib tug tseem ceeb kev faib ua feem lees paub rau cov ntshiab hlau. Nws yog Bergman, ua ntej lawm sab lub caij npib tsib xee. Txawm li cas los, nws coj qhov teeb meem ua ntej thaum xaus nws tsis yog yuav tsum tau.

Manganese - ib tug tshuaj caij, uas yog npaj thiab cais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug yooj yim tshuaj nyob rau thawj lub sij hawm ua tau zoo Karlu Sheele nyob rau hauv 1774. Txawm li cas los, nws puas tau nws nrog I. Hahn, uas tau ua kom tiav tus txheej txheem ntawm melting hlau piece. Tab sis txawm lawv twb tsis tau mus kiag li tshem nws ntawm impurities thiab tau txais ib 100% tawm los.

Cuaj kaum, nws yog lub sij hawm no yog lub foundations ntawm cov atom. Cov tib zaum tau sim muab ib lub npe raws li cov tho kev. Lawv lub sij hawm manganezium tau xaiv. Txawm li cas los, tom qab tus foundations ntawm magnesium pib tsis meej pem thiab manganese lub npe twb hloov mus rau lub tam sim no (H. David, 1908).

Txij li thaum manganese - ib tug tshuaj caij uas nws cov khoom yog zoo heev rau ntau metallurgical dab, thaum lub sij hawm nws tau los ua tsim nyog los tseem nrhiav tau ib txoj kev los mus tsim nws nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau ntshiab daim ntawv. Qhov teeb meem no yog solved los zaum tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj teb no, tab sis muaj peev xwm yuav tau daws xwb nyob rau hauv 1919 los ntawm cov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm R. Agladze - Soviet paub txog thiab chemist. Hais tias yog, nws pom ib txoj kev uas yuav ua tau ntawm sulphates thiab chlorides ntawm manganese los ntawm electrolysis kom tau ntshiab hlau tshuaj cov ntsiab lus 99,98%. Tam sim no qhov no txoj kev yog siv tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj teb no.

Ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Manganese - ib tug tshuaj caij, ib tug yees duab ntawm ib tug yooj yim tshuaj uas yuav tsum tau pom hauv qab no. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj ib tug ntau ntawm isotopes ntawm ib tug atom, muaj pes tsawg tus neutrons nyob rau hauv uas nws txawv heev. Yog li, qhov loj tus xov tooj sib txawv nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm 44 mus 69. Txawm li cas los, tsuas ruaj khov isotope ntawm lub caij muaj ib tug nqi ntawm ⁵⁵ Mn, lwm tus muaj ib tug negligibly luv luv ib nrab-lub neej, los yog muaj ntau pluas me me.

Txij li thaum manganese - tshuaj caij nyob rau hauv uas cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation txawv muaj nuj nqis, thiab lub tebchaw nyob rau hauv cov xwm raws li nws cov ntaub ntawv ntau npaum li cas. Nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv no, lub caij no tsis yog nyob rau ntawm tag nrho cov. Cov zaub mov thiab ores tas mus li nws nyob ze - hlau. Tag nrho cov tau mus xaiv ib co ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws pob zeb, uas muaj xws li manganese.

1. Pyrolusite. Ib tug compound ntawm mis: MnO ₂ * NH ₂ O.
2. Psilomelane molecule MnO2 * mMnO * nH2O.
3. Manganite mis MnO * OH.
4. Braunite rarer tshaj lwm leej lwm tus. Cov mis ntawm Mn ₂ O _3.
5. Hausmannite mis Mn * Mn ₂ O _4.
6. Rodonite Mn ₂ (SiO _{3) 2.}
7. Manganese carbonate ore.
8. Txiv pos spar rhodochrosite los yog - MnCO _3.
9. Ntshav - Mn ₃ PO _4.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws tseem tau mus xaiv ob peb minerals, uas kuj muaj xws li lub caij nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas. Lawv yog:

• calcite;
• siderite;
• av nplaum minerals;
• chalcedony;
• opal;
• xuab zeb thiab xuab zeb compound.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus tsuas thiab sedimentary pob zeb, minerals, manganese - tshuaj caij uas muaj nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xws li:

1. Tsob nroj kab mob. Qhov loj tshaj plaws drives no yog: dej chestnut, duckweed, diatoms.
2. Xeb fungi.
3. Ib txhia hom ntawm cov kab mob.
4. Cov nram qab no cov tsiaj: liab ntsaum, crustaceans, mollusks.
5. Neeg - Tib neeg txhua hnub yuav tsum tau hais txog 3-5 mg.
6. Oceans muaj 0.3% dej ntawm no caij.
7. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub kiav txhab ntawm 0.1% los ntawm qhov hnyav.

Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yog 14 feem ntau lub caij uas tag nrho cov ntawm peb ntiaj chaw. Ntawm cov hnyav hlau hlau tom qab nws thib ob.

lub zog

Los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm thaj chaw ntawm manganese raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj, muaj ntau ntau yooj yim lub cev tus yam ntxwv rau nws.

1. Nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim tshuaj nws yog ib tug txaus nyuaj hlau (Mohs 'scale index yog 4). Xim - silvery dawb, huab cua them nrog ib tug tiv oxide zaj duab xis nyob rau hauv lub ci iab seem.
2. Lub melting point ntawm 1246 ⁰ C.
3. Boiling - 2061 ⁰ C.
4. Conductive thaj chaw ntawm zoo, yog paramagnetic.
5. Hlau ceev yog 7,44 g / cm ^3.
6. Muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov plaub polymorphs (α, β, γ, σ), differing nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab lattice zoo thiab packing ceev ntawm lub atoms. Tsis tas li ntawd txawv lawv melting kub.

Nyob rau hauv metallurgy siv peb tej ntaub ntawv ntawm manganese: β, γ, σ. Alpha tsis tshua, vim nws yog ib yam nkaus thiab taus nyob rau hauv nws cov khoom.

tshuaj zog

Los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm Science News for KIDS, manganese - tshuaj caij uas nws ion xwb mas nws txawv heev los ntawm +2 mus +7. Nws yoojyim nws cov cim nyob rau hauv txoj kev. Cov dawb daim ntawv ntawm manganese nyob rau hauv cov huab cua heev me ntsis reacts nrog dej, soluble nyob rau hauv nta acids. Txawm li cas los, koj yuav tsum tau tsuas ua rau kom qhov kub ntawm cov hlau li cov kev ua tsub kom dramatically.

Yog li, nws muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm reacting nrog:

• nitrogen;
• carbon;
• halogens;
• silicon;
• phosphorus;
• leej faj thiab lwm yam uas tsis yog-hlau.

Thaum rhuab hlau tsis muaj cua yooj yim kis rau hauv lub vapor lub xeev. Nyob ntawm seb cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation, uas exhibits manganese thiab nws cov tebchaw yuav tau ob leeg kom txhob muaj kab mob thiab oxidizing agents. Ib txhia muaj amphoteric zog. Yog li ntawd, qhov yooj yim cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tebchaw, uas nws +2. Amphoteric - 4, thiab ib tug muaj zog oxidizing acid mus rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws nqi ntawm +7.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias manganese - yog ib txoj kev hloov hlau complex tebchaw yog ob peb rau nws. Qhov no yog vim ruaj khov electron configuration ntawm cov atom, rau 3d-sublayer nws muaj 5 electrons.

Txoj kev rau cov kev npaj

Muaj peb txoj kev nyob rau hauv uas manganese yog npaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam (tshuaj caij). Yuav ua li cas mus nyeem cov Latin lub npe, peb twb xaiv - manganum. Yog hais tias peb txhais nws rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, nws yuav tsum tau "yog, tseeb clarifies discolors". Yog li ntawd nws lub npe manganese yog yuav tsum tau kom muaj lub zog paub los ntawm heev ancient lub sij hawm.

Txawm li cas los, txawm lub chaw, kom tau nws nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb huv daim ntawv rau kev siv tswj xwb nyob rau hauv 1919. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm cov nram qab no txoj kev.

1. Electrolysis, khoom tawm los yog 99,98%. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, manganese nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam.
2. Silicothermic los yog rov qab siv silicon. Nrog rau qhov no txoj kev muaj yog lub fusion ntawm lub pob zeb ntais thiab manganese oxide (IV), uas ua nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb huv hlau. Cov tawm los yog hais txog 68%, vim hais tias manganese compound yog by-tsim nrog lub pob zeb ntais nyob rau hauv silicide. Qhov no yog siv nyob rau hauv lub metallurgical kev lag luam.
3. Aluminothermic txoj kev - ib tug rov qab ua hauj lwm siv txhuas. Tsis tas li ntawd tsis muab siab dhau heev lawm tawm los, manganese kab mob los ntawm impurities.

Siv ntawm cov hlau yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau ntau dab ua nyob rau hauv metallurgy. Txawm tias ib tug me me ntxiv ntawm manganese yog tau xav cuam tshuam lub zog ntawm cov alloys. Nws yog muaj pov thawj hais tias nws yaj ntau hlau, sau nws siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo.

Tshawb kawm thiab zus tau tej cov no caij Russia Qib thawj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev no yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws xws li:

• Tuam Tshoj.
• South Africa.
• Kazakhstan.
• Georgia.
• Ukraine.

Siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam

Manganese - ib tug tshuaj caij, siv cov uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv metallurgy. tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub hlau nyob hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv no, yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb thiab ntau yam sib txuas ntawm no atom. Txhais lub ntsiab rau sawv daws yuav.

1. Muaj ob peb hom alloys, uas, vim manganese muaj cim zog. Piv txwv li, lub Hadfield steel yog li ntawd muaj zog thiab check hais tias nws yog siv rau smelting qhov chaw excavator, pob zeb ua tshuab, grinders, pob mills, armor ntsiab.
2. Manganese dioxide - oxidative electroplating losis tswvyim dabtsi caij, nws yog siv thaum uas tsim ib depolarizer.
3. Muaj ntau lub tebchaw ntawm manganese uas yuav tsum tau rau ntau yam syntheses ntawm cov organic tshuaj.
4. Poov tshuaj permanganate (poov tshuaj permanganate los yog) yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj raws li ib tug muaj zog antiseptic neeg sawv cev.
5. Qhov no lub caij yog muaj nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov bronze, tooj dag, cov ntaub ntawv nws tus kheej hlau nrog tooj liab, uas ua hauj lwm pab rau manufacture aircraft turbines, hniav, thiab lwm qhov chaw.

Lub lom lub luag hauj lwm

Lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau rau tib neeg manganese yog 3-5 mg. Deficiency ntawm no lub caij ua rau yus lub oppression ntawm poob siab system, pw tsaug zog teeb thiab ntxhov siab vim, kiv taub hau. Nws lub luag hauj lwm yog tsis to taub, tiam sis nws yog tseeb hais tias, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws muaj ib tug tej yam nyob rau hauv:

• txoj kev loj hlob;
• kev ua si ntawm kev sib deev qog;
• ua hauj lwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones;
• lub tsim los ntawm cov ntshav.

Qhov no lub caij yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, tus txiv neej, uas proves nws tseem ceeb lom lub luag hauj lwm.

Nthuav cov lus qhia txog yam khoom ntawd

Manganese - ib tug tshuaj caij, nthuav ntsiab lus uas muaj peev xwm impress leej twg, thiab ua kom nws ntshiab li cas ib qho tseem ceeb nws yog. Ntawm no yog cov yooj yim tshaj plaws sawv daws yuav, uas pom nws cov cim nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm cov hlau.

1. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm tsov rog nyob rau hauv lub USSR, yog ib tus thawj export khoom nws yog ore muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm manganese.
2. Yog hais tias lub manganese dioxide los txuam rau kev nrog poov tshuaj hydroxide thiab nitrate, thiab ces tus raug yaj nyob rau hauv dej, tus hloov dua siab tshiab pib xav tsis thoob. Ua ntej, cov tshuaj yuav tig ntsuab thiab ces mus rau xiav coloration yuav hloov tom qab - Ntshav. Thaum kawg, txiv pos thiab yuav maj mam poob xim av precipitate. Yog hais tias lub sib tov rau co, ces dua rov qab los ntsuab thiab tag nrho cov tshwm sim dua. Nws yog qhov no poov tshuaj permanganate thiab nws lub npe, uas translates li "mineral chameleon".
3. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub hauv av mus ua chiv muaj manganese, ces cov nroj tsuag yuav ua rau kom tsim tau thiab ua rau kom tus nqi ntawm photosynthesis. Lub caij ntuj no hom qoob mog grain yuav tsim zoo dua.
4. Qhov loj tshaj thooj ntawm cov mineral manganese rhodonite tiv kev txom nyem 47 tons thiab twb pom nyob rau hauv lub Urals.
5. Muaj yog ib tug ternary hlau hu ua manganin. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab xws li tooj liab, manganese thiab npib tsib xee. Nws yog tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv hais tias nws muaj ib tug loj hluav taws xob kuj, uas tsis yog nyob ntawm seb kub tab sis yog nyob rau hauv tus ntawm siab.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no yog tsis tag nrho cov muaj yog hais tias hais txog qhov no hlau. Manganese - ib tug tshuaj caij, nthuav tseeb uas yog heev ntau haiv neeg. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias peb tham txog cov khoom uas nws muab lub txiaj ntsim ntau yam alloys.