Mackintosh Charles Rennie - Scottish kws kes duab vajtse, founder ntawm lub Art Nouveau nyob rau hauv Scotland: ib tug biography, loj tej hauj lwm

Charles Rennie Mackintosh - tus txiv neej uas tau ua ib tug zoo pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tsim, tus creator ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb architectural style thiab feem ntau tseem ceeb daim duab nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm lub 19th caug xyoo.

Yug ntawm ib tug dab neeg

Lub neej yav tom ntej tus tsim ntawm lub Art Nouveau style yug nyob rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Glasgow, Lub rau hli ntuj 7, 1868. Noteworthy yog qhov tseeb hais tias tom ntej no zoo kawg kws kes duab vajtse, tau yug los nyob rau hauv lub nroog, uas yog cov kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Scotland thiab tsis ua lub capital, muaj ib tug lossis loj nyiaj txiag, lag luam thiab kev cai lub luag hauj lwm. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm tus me nyuam yug los, tsis muaj ib tug yuav xav txog tej yam uas nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb xyoo lawm nws yuav tsum muaj lwm zoo-paub cwm pwm, uas yog txaus siab ntawm lub nroog ntawm Glasgow. Tus thawj yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau no tshwm sim thaum muaj hnub nyoog 5 xyoos, thaum tus me nyuam them ib tug ntau ntawm lub sij hawm painting, thiab nyob rau hauv particular, xim duab. Cov niam txiv txhawb kev txaus siab ntawm Charles, thiab ua tsaug rau lawv nws nkag mus hauv lub kos duab lub tsev kawm ntawv uas specializes nyob rau hauv nws tej yam txaus siab.

Glasgow style

Nyob rau tag nrho lub sij hawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb Mackintosh sim mus txua ib cov lus tshiab graphics, cim, tiag tiag li thiab nco. Vim hais tias ntawm no xav xav tau nws lossi saib tej yam ntuj tso nrhiav, cov qauv thiab tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm tej yam, ntes tau nws lub qhov muag. Tom qab ib pliag, nws ceeb toom hais tias nws kawm ntawv ua ke muaj zoo xws li cov cwj pwm tsis zoo thiab yam uas koj nyiam, lawv cov chav hauv ib pab pawg neeg ntawm "plaub", uas yuav tsum tau tsim "Glasgow Style", tab sis muaj tswv yim style ntawm txhua tus ntawm cov pab pawg neeg nyob twj ywm.

Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ob leeg ua hauj lwm ntawm ntau yam rooj tog, zog thiab lwm yam sab hauv cov khoom. Charles Rennie Mackintosh enriches cov muaj tswv yim lub ntiaj teb no, yuav siv sij hawm nyob rau hauv particular yeej ntawm lwm cov neeg ntawm cov pab pawg neeg, thiab nyob rau hauv 1895 nyob rau nws cov thawj tsos ntawm lub exhibition ntawm cov kos duab raws li ib tug daim ntawv loj loj. Txawm li cas los, nws kuj yog ncaj ncees rau lub architectural creativity, tsis zoo li lwm cov neeg ntawm cov pab pawg neeg uas tsis muab nws views.

Tus thawj successes

Nyob rau hauv 1900 Mackintosh Charles yuav txiv Margaret MacDonald. Nyob rau hauv no kev sib yuav nws yuav txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub neej, rau lub hom phiaj ntawm nws tus hlub, nws sau cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev ua hauj lwm thiab nws cov kev sib txuas. Union muab tawm heev muaj menyuam coob coob, vim hais tias nws tus poj niam muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb vitrazhista thiab cov neeg pleev kob, thiab kuj muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov kev txaus siab. Nws ua lub muse ntawm Charles thiab ua ke lawv tsim pua pua ntawm interiors.

Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo Makintosh Charlz mus ntsib lub exhibition nyob rau hauv Turin, uas tsim lub Scottish pavilion. Txhua tus neeg ntawm lub "Plaub" tau raug caw mus kho ib chav tsev rau ib exhibition nyob rau hauv Vienna, uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm ib tug tshaj center rau avant-garde. Teev ntawm lub rau zaub yog ib tug lossis loj kev vam meej thiab sai sai nrhiav tau lawv buyers. Zog ntawm Guj kuj Duke Sergei Alexandrovich caw Mac rau Moscow. "Glasgow" yog muaj zog nyob rau hauv tej chaw. Munich, Dresden, Budapest thiab ntau lwm lub zos paub txog nws raws li ib tug style, nws yog nquag siv zoo architects nyob rau hauv lawv tej hauj lwm. Charles yuav siv sij hawm yog ib feem nyob rau hauv lub Moscow exhibition ntawm architecture, uas surprises cov neeg tuaj saib thiab ua rau tag nrho cov rave kev xyuas, tag nrho ntawm kev tig tau. Qhov zoo architects ntawm lub sij hawm twv nws ib tug zoo tswv yim yav tom ntej.

flowering ntawm creativity

Charlz Makintosh, uas nws biography yog nthuav contemporaries, yog tib tug mej zeej ntawm lub pab pawg neeg "Plaub", uas yog tiag koom nyob rau hauv architecture thiab muaj kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv Glasgow. 1890 - lub flowering ntawm lub nroog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev pab them nqi. Glasgow ua ib tug coj mus muag thiab ua lag ua luam qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws. Nws txiav txim txoj kev loj hlob ntawm vibrant kev cai lub neej thiab muab cib fim rau cov arts. Mackintosh tsim nws Thawj peb tes num - "Lighthouse", uas yog ib tug tshwj xeeb kev txiav txim ntawm lub zos publishers.

Glasgow tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Art

Macintosh hauj lwm mus txog tom qab cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm cov kev sib tw rau tus tsim ntawm lub tsev kawm Askiv Glasgow School, tau yeej los ntawm Makintosh Charlz. Qhov no ua hauj lwm yog yooj yooj yim thiab zoo tib yam. Tsis muaj nyiaj tau ua si ib lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm uas nws tau txiav txim siab los phua ua ob qhov chaw. Lub sab qaum teb yog ib feem twb qhib nyob rau hauv 1899, thiab West nyob rau hauv 1907. Nws yog tam sim no ua cov feem ntau tsim rau cov kws kes duab vajtse uas nws nws tus kheej kuj raws li ib tug designer. Tomqab kawm tas, nws yuav cuab kev sib txawv ntawm ob qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev, tom qab yuav tsum tau ntau hnyav thiab "qw". McIntosh nkag mus rau hauv ib tug lub koob npe nrov li ib tug txawj ntse artist.

Hill tsev

Kev vam meej tsiv rau Charles rau nws heels, thiab nyob rau hauv 1902 nws pib tsim nws tus kheej lub tsev Hill tsev ( "Hill tsev") McIntosh. Qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev yog khaws txig: Orientation, organic qhov kev tso kawm nyob rau hauv lub toj roob hauv pes. Tag nrho cov tswj lub project tiav los ntawm paub nrog cov neeg muas zaub, uas cov feem ntau daring thwmsim. Patronage ntawm Ketrin Krenston, tswv ntawm lub network ntawm cov tshuaj yej tsim thoob plaws hauv lub nroog, yuav tsis pub kom tsis txhob nws tus kheej rau nyiaj txiag. Macintosh yog cov thawj uas siv stencils nyob rau hauv dai ntawm qhov chaw zov. Hill tsev yog lub feem ntau muaj tswv yim thiab lej xeeb peb tes num kws kes duab vajtse. Style, ua nyob rau hauv lub kawg, nws siv los mus tsev xwb Macintosh txij nkawm, qhov twg thwmsim tau ua nrog qhov kev tso kawm, raws li tau zoo raws li cov xim gamut ntawm "txiv neej" thiab "poj niam" cov chav.

Raws li npaj los ntawm kws kes duab vajtse, hauv av pem teb yuav tsum tau tsuas yog siv poj niam, txiv neej lub chav thiab lwm cov chaw muaj rau qhua, yog ntau dua. Chav de luxe yog ua nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb style, haum zoo mus rau hauv tag nrho cov tswv yim ntawm lub tsev tsim. Khab seeb qhov rais, Frieze, ua los ntawm cov dawb lias iav thiab loj rau cov dawb phab ntsa, leaded iav, siv rau zus tau tej cov ob qhov rooj nrog nyiaj ornaments, ntshav laus mejyig thiab sofas nrog elegant high-ceev.

rationalism sau

Charles txuj ci no muaj peev xwm xav los ntawm lub architectural txoj kev npaj thiab tsim lub tswv yim nrog tag nrho cov zoo cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kwv nuj nqi. Nws yog vim lub siab xav rau siab tshaj plaws rationality nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim Mackintosh Charles yog xav nyob rau hauv niaj hnub technologies thiab cov ntaub ntawv, uas muaj kev koom siv nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm. Vim hais tias ntawm no nws yog ib tug innovator uas yog tsis ntshai muab pob zeb ua nrog Cobble, siv ib daim iav thiab hlau, tab sis nws loj tshaj kev kawm yog siv yas nyob rau hauv lawv tej hauj lwm.

Baronial style xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv lub medieval castles ntawm Scotland, nrees daig nyob rau hauv koj lub taub hau thiab Macintosh rau nws, nws coj cov qauv siv los ntawm tej hauj lwm. Architecture ntawm ltalis thiab tim Nkij teb chaws, siv nyob rau hauv Scotland nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm, tsis nyiam cov neeg sau, txij li thaum, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, yog tsis haum rau lub zos kev nyab xeeb. Functionalism ntse nrog lub romantic duab ntawm lub tsev, vim cov uas lawv tau ua thiaj li hlub los ntawm kes duab lub vajtse.

End ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm tus poj masters

Xyoo 1914 ua ib tug xyoo ntawm kev nyuaj siab vim yog lub rupture ntawm ib tug koom tes nrog Honeyman. Nws pib ib tug nyuaj lub sij hawm, muab yug rau ntau taug xaiv txog cov kws kes duab vajtse. Ib tug neeg hais tias nws haus, ib tug neeg - nws yuav nrhiav tsis tau neeg muas zaub tshiab vim hais tias ntawm nws cov xwm. Charles tsis muaj ib tug hais lus nyob rau hauv no lub sij hawm thiab xav tsiv mus nyob rau Vienna, rau qhov tseem ntawm nws lub teb chaws tau sab sab, thiab nws txoj cai nyob rau hauv Austria yog ho siab tshaj nyob rau hauv Glasgow. Plans poob ua ke nrog qhov pib ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II. McIntosh tsiv mus rau Suffolk, qhov uas nws tsim ib tug series ntawm watercolor daim. Vim hais tias ntawm nws ua hauj lwm ntog nyob rau hauv raug ntes ntawm lub sijhawm twg ntawm espionage. Tom qab ib pliag, nws tswj los mus tiv thaiv nws innocence, thiab nws twb yuam kom tsiv mus nyob rau London.

Txoj hauj lwm tshawb tsis muaj kev vam meej vim ntev ambitions ntawm Charles Macintosh, uas twb nrhiav tau rau kev ua hauj lwm, cov txheej xwm. London architectural ntiaj teb no pom tau tias qhov "Glasgow tsev kawm ntawv" outdated style thiab thim mloog mus rau cov classics. Charles Rennie Mackintosh tsim, muaj rooj tog, ua ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev txiav txim los tsim designs ntawm fabrics. Tab sis, ces thiaj li yuav tsis mus ntxiv, thiab nws yog tseeb hais tias cov yuav tsum tau ua tej yam uas yuav coj ntau profit thiab Library. Charles tsim ib tug series ntawm cov quav, kev tej yaam num moos, roj, fireplaces thiab cov ntxhuav. Nws khoom ua ntej ntawm lub sij hawm, raws li yog hais tias lawv cov kab uas resemble ib tug nplawm, yog geometric thiab haumxeeb li cov feem daring niaj hnub daws teeb meem. Cov kab kev los ntawm nws cov khoom tau txais kev vam meej, tab sis tseem mus ua nws yog tseem muaj, ces nws thiaj li tau raug tsim ib tug series ntawm paintings.

Sau phau ntawv lub rooj tog Charles Mackintosh

Model lub rooj zaum, lub npe hu rau hnub no, excites rau pem coob tus neeg uas yuav ib lub rooj zaum Macintosh. Heev siab rov qab, ncaj ob txhais ceg thiab ib lub rooj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug Trapezoid tsim lub tswv yim ntawm ib yam dab tsi ancient thiab tsis tshua muaj stylish. Dua li no, lub rooj zaum yog tsis tshua muaj tej yam yooj yim: Millwork nrog ib tug rectilinear tsim. Zoo thiab tsawg tshaj plaws cov ntsiab lus yog qhov tseem ceeb kev zoo qhov kawg khoom. Ua si nrog cov xim, cov ntaub ntawv thiab tej yam ntuj tso qualities ntawm ntoo tshuav ib qho indelible cim rau keeb kwm. Yuav kom qhov no hnub twg, cov pieces ntawm rooj tog yog nrov.

Lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej Charlza Renni Mackintosh

Siab kes duab vajtse ua ntau xyoo 20 pib txoj kev loj hlob ntawm architecture nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, thaum lub style ntawm lub Mac yog ua obsolete, qhov tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm ntawm tus tswv yog tsis txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem ntxiv lawm. Charles tsiv mus rau sab qab teb ntawm Fabkis, uas yog qhov chaw uas nws yuav siv lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej ua ntej nws tuag nyob rau hauv London nyob rau hauv 1928.

Siab kes duab vajtse Mackintosh zoo, thiab thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej nws twb tsis tau txais tej ib koob lo lus teb, uas nws yuav tsum tau txais. Muaj ntau ntawm nws tej hauj lwm yog tseem tseem ceeb niaj hnub no, ib txhia siv, lwm leej lwm tus yog kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm lub teb chaws. Rooj tog uas ua los ntawm nws tej yaam num, muaj ib tug high nqi ntawm kev muag khoom, thiab nws tsim txoj kev yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub no. Raws li feem ntau tshwm sim, lub yeeb koob thiab paub pom nws tus tswv tom qab nws tuag. Yuav kom hnub - qhov no yog ib qho ntawm feem koj personalities nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm architecture.