Lub Ob txhais Punic ua tsov ua rog (218-201 U.Nt.Y. ..): Ua, txim. Yog vim li cas rau lub yeej ntawm Carthage nyob rau hauv ob Punic ua tsov ua rog. Yuav ua li cas yog qhov txawv tus thawj thiab Ob txhais Punic Wars?

Tsov rog ntawm lub nroog Loos tiv thaiv Carthage nyob ib tug tseem ceeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Ancient ntiaj teb no. Lawv muaj ib tug tej yam nyob rau hauv lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm lub Mediterranean thiab tag nrho cov ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Ob txhais Punic ua tsov ua rog 218-201 xyoo. BC. e. - lub brightest ntawm peb coj qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd nws yog hu ua Hannibalic tsov ua rog, los yog ua tsov ua rog tiv thaiv Hannibal. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau tim Loos thiab Carthage nyob rau hauv lub confrontation coj ib feem Numidia, Pergamum, Aetolian League, Syracuse, Achaean League thiab Macedonia.

prehistory

Nyob rau hauv 242 BC. e. qhov kev kaj siab treaty uas twb Thawj Punic ua tsov ua rog tau kos npe. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm no daim ntawv cog lus, Carthage poob tswj ntawm cov nyiaj tau los los ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm Sicily, yuav luag kom pauv ntawm cov Carthaginians nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob Mediterranean twb heev puas los ntawm Rome. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, Carthage yog nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim nyiaj txiag teeb meem, thiab nws txiav txim dynasty Barkidov - thaum ib tug disadvantage ntawm cov nom tswv tog - tus txheem tau intensified. Txawm ces nws yog tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze yav tom ntej yuav tsum muab qhov chaw Ob txhais Punic tsov ua rog ntawm Rome thiab Carthage ua kom puas yog ib tug ntawm lawv, hais tias yog. Yuav kom. Lub ob tug loj powers nyob rau hauv lub Mediterranean tsis muaj chaw.

Competition for Spain

Hamilcar, lub Carthaginian commander nyob rau hauv Hmoob ntawm cov tub rog, launched ib tug phiaj los nqis tes rau lub conquest ntawm lub Mev territories. Ua ntej, tus Iberian ceg av qab teb yog nplua nuj heev nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso kev pab, thiab tib ob, los ntawm Spain yuav ua tau zoo nkauj ceev ceev kom tau mus rau Ltalis. Hamilcar, ua ke nrog nws tus tub nyob rau hauv kev cai lij choj Hasdrubal yog active los nthuav rau ib thaj tsam ntawm Carthage rau ze li ntawm 10 xyoo mus txog rau thaum lub siege Helice raug tua. Nws associate Hasdrubal kuj yog ib tug tsim txom los ntawm cov Ibero-barbarian nyob rau hauv Tshiab Carthage, nrhiav tau los ntawm nws.

Tshiab Carthage sai sai los ua qhov chaw ntawm tag nrho cov western Mediterranean luam, raws li tau zoo raws li tus thawj tswj centre puniyskih kawm. Yog li, Carthage tsis tau tsuas yog compensated rau lawv poob los ntawm tus kawg ntawm tus thawj ua tsov ua rog nrog lub nroog Loos, tab sis nws kuj tau tshiab kev lag luam, thiab cov nyiaj mines ntawm Spain Barkidov enriched thiab stripped ntawm lawv kev nom kev tswv cov yeeb ncuab tej kev pab txhawb nqa. Ob txhais Punic ua tsov ua rog 218-201 xyoo. BC. e. Nws tsuas yog ib tug teeb meem ntawm lub sij hawm.

Rome ntxhov siab vim

Roman politicians thiab thawj coj tub rog yeej mob siab muaj kev txhawj xeeb muaj lub zog Carthage. Rome to taub hais tias nws yog tseem tsis lig dhau lawm kom txhob punov, tab sis tom qab ib tug thaum nws yuav tsis yooj yim. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg Loos pib mus nrhiav kev zam txim rau kev pib ib tug tsov rog. Thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm Hannibal txiv, Hamilcar, tus ciam ntawm lub Iber dej twb nqa tawm ntawm Carthage thiab Rome rau Spain.

Rome ntaub ntawv ib tug alliance nrog Soguntom. Nws twb kom meej meej qhia tiv thaiv Carthage, thiab hais rau nres nws ua ntej ntxiv sab qaum teb. Thaum pib ntawm lub Ob txhais Punic ua tsov ua rog twb nce, Rome ua tsis tau xws li ib tug haib neeg nyob ze, tab sis kuj hais lus tawm nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm ib tug tus tsim txom nws yuav tsis, li ntawd, lub alliance nrog Soguntom twb xaus lus. Nws yog tseeb hais tias lub nroog Loos twb tsis yog yuav los tiv thaiv ib tug pab pawg phooj ywg, tiam sis ib tug nres on nws Carthage muab kev zam txim rau kev pib ib tug tsov rog.

Hannibal los ntawm Barkidov dynasty

Hannibal twb destined los ua ib lub cim ntawm lub sim tawm tsam Roman txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub Mediterranean phiab, nws muaj kev tswj los mus ua dab tsi tsis muaj ib tug tau dared ua li cas. Nws yog ib tug txawj ntse tub rog tus thawj coj thiab commander, cov tub rog hwm nws, tsis yog rau nws siab yug los, thiab rau koj tus kheej ua tau thiab coj noj coj ua zoo.

Los ntawm ib tug thaum ntxov muaj hnub nyoog Hamilcar txiv coj nws tus tub mus sib ntaus sib tua. Thoob plaws hauv nws laus lub neej, nws yog nyob rau hauv cov tub rog camps, qhov twg ib tug me nyuam twb nrhiav kev tuag nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag. Nyob rau hauv nws ob lub qhov muag twb tua dozens, pua pua, yog hais tias tsis muaj ntau tus neeg. Nws tau ua accustomed rau qhov no. Qhov kev cob qhia Hannibal muab nyob rau hauv ib tug keej fighter, thiab txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov tub rog affairs - nyob rau hauv ib tug tub rog ntse heev. Meanwhile Hamilcar tau ua txhua yam nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau los ze zog mus rau lub Hellenistic ntiaj teb no, yog li nws qhia cov Greek cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm nws tus tub thiab qhia nws mus rau lub kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Greeks. Leej Txiv paub tsis tau tiv tsis phoojywg nrog Rome, thiab qhia lawv cov tub mus rau lawv kab lis kev cai, raws li tau zoo raws li teem nyob rau hauv lub Union. Ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no yog mus ua si Hannibal. Ob txhais Punic ua tsov ua rog xav los ntawm lawv rau ntau xyoo. Thiab nws vowed tias nws yuav rhuav tshem lub nroog Loos tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws tus txiv.

Cov ua ua tsov ua rog

Muaj peb lub ntsiab yog vim li cas uas coj mus rau lub phaum ntawm lub thib ob tsov rog ntawm lub nroog Loos thiab Carthage:

1. derogatory txim rau Carthage, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev thaj yeeb treaty uas twb Thawj Punic ua tsov ua rog.

2. Lub sai kev loj hlob ntawm lub cheeb tsam ntawm Carthage thiab nws cov kev pab txhawb ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov nuj nqis ntawm lub richest Estates nyob rau hauv Spain, uas tau nyob rau hauv lub strengthening ntawm nws cov tub rog lub hwj chim.

3. Lub siege thiab capture ntawm Carthage Rome Sogunta union uas yog cov hauj lwm yog vim li cas, uas tau nyob rau hauv ob Punic ua tsov ua rog twb unleashed. Yog vim li cas nws twb ntau formal tshaj tiag tiag, thiab tsis tau lawv tau coj mus rau ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj rivalries nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntawm ancient keeb kwm.

Cov phaum ntawm kev tsov kev rog

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Hamilcar thiab Hasdrubal commander ntawm lub tua neeg raug xaiv Hannibal. Ces nws cia li muab 25 xyoo, nws yog tag nrho ntawm lub zog thiab kev txiav txim ua kom puas Rome. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws muaj ib tug zoo haum set ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm cov tub rog affairs thiab, ntawm chav kawm, kev coj noj coj.

Hannibal los ntawm leej twg tsis muaj daim card tias nws xav mus tua lub Sogunt, uas yog ib tug ally ntawm Rome, thiab yog li mus koom nyob rau hauv lub kawg tsov rog. Txawm li cas los, Hannibal tsis tua ua ntej. Nws ua kom paub tseeb tias Sogunt rog tau lub Iberian pab pawg neeg uas twb nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm Carthage, thiab tsuas yog tom qab uas nws tsiv nws rog mus "lub tus tsim txom". Hannibal rightly reckoned tias Rome yuav tsis raug nyob rau hauv cov tub rog kev pab Soguntu, t. Yuav kom. Nws coj lub sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv cov Gauls thiab cov Illyrian pirates. Siege Sogunta ntawd kub ntev li 7 lub hlis, tom qab uas lub fortress twb npaum li cas. Rome tsis muab cov tub rog kev pab rau nws cov pab pawg phooj ywg. Tom qab noj Sogunta Rome xa ib tug embassy rau Carthage, uas tshaj hais tias tsov rog. Lub Ob txhais Punic ua tsov ua rog pib!

hostilities

Tsov rog ntawd kub ntev li rau ntau tshaj 15 xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, yuav luag tsis txhob clashes nruab nrab Rome thiab Carthage, los yog nrog lawv cov phoojywg. Tua kaum ntawm txhiab tus neeg. Ntau xyoo dhau los zoo dua dhau los ntawm txhais tes mus rau tes, yog hais tias tus thawj lub sij hawm ntawm tsov rog, hmoov yog nyob rau sab ntawm Hannibal, tom qab ib tug thaum lub Loos intensified, ua ib tug series ntawm loj xwb Poonam nyob rau hauv Iberia thiab North Africa. Hannibal li tseem nyob rau hauv lub Apennine ceg av qab teb. Nyob rau hauv ltalis, Hannibal nws tus kheej tau tiav zoo tau, yuam nphau nyob rau ntawm nws lub npe rau tag nrho cov neeg nyob hauv zos.

Ob txhais Punic ua tsov ua rog pom tias Hannibal yog tsis sib npaug zos nyob rau hauv qhib sib ntaus sib tua. Qhov no yog qhia los ntawm cov sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Ticino thiab Trebbia, nyob ze Trasimeno pas dej thiab, ntawm chav kawm, cov legendary sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Cannae, uas yog sewn mus rau hauv cov tub rog keeb kwm ntawm lub liab xov.

Lub sib ntaus sib tua coj qhov chaw nyob rau ob peb fronts: nyob rau hauv ltalis, Spain, Sicily, North Africa thiab Macedonia, tiam sis lub "engine" ntawm Carthage thiab nws cov phoojywg tau Hannibal tus tub rog thiab nws tus kheej. Rome yog li ntawd teem nws tus kheej lub hom phiaj ntawm "ntshav" nws, thaiv cov hlab txoj kev ntawm cov khoom siv, riam phom thiab reinforcements rau tsov rog nyob rau hauv ltalis. Rome tau ua, thaum nws pom tau hais tias Hannibal thawj zaug yuav tsum mus tso tsis tau pitched battles, thiab ces tag. Lub hom phiaj twb tsis muaj kev vam meej, tab sis ua ntej nws Rome raug kev txom nyem ib swb tom qab lwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim nyog los nco ntsoov rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Cannae. Nyob rau hauv no sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Carthage muaj 50,000 tus tub rog, Rome - 90 000. Qhov txawv yuav luag ob npaug, tab sis txawm nrog xws li ib tug hais txog zauv superiority ntawm Rome yuav tsis yeej. Thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua 70,000 Roman cov tub rog, 16,000 raug coj neeg raug txim, thaum Hannibal poob tsuas 6000 tus neeg raug tua.

Yog vim li cas rau lub yeej ntawm Carthage nyob rau hauv ob Punic ua tsov ua rog

Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm yog vim li cas uas coj mus rau lub yeej ntawm Rome. Firstly, nws yog ib qhov tseeb hais tias tus Carthaginian pab tub rog muaj mas mercenaries, uas yog kiag li tsis tseem ceeb uas lawv yuav sib ntaus sib tua - lawv tau them rau nws. Tsis patriotic txoj kev xav ntawm cov mercenaries tsis, tsis zoo li cov neeg Loos, uas tau tiv thaiv lawv lub tebchaws.

Secondly, qhov Carthaginians lawv tus kheej tau nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa, feem ntau tsis to taub yog vim li cas lawv xav tau no kev tsov kev rog. Domestically, nyob rau hauv lub tshiab tsim Barkidov loj sib xws, uas txwv ua tsov ua rog nrog Rome. Txawm tias tom qab lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Cannae Carthage oligarchs tsis muaj tej yam txaus siab xa ib co reinforcements rau Hannibal, txawm tias qhov no pab yuav yog ntau dua, thiab ces lub sij hawm ntawm tsov rog yuav tau sib txawv. Qhov no yog hais tias lawv yog cov ntshai ntawm ntxiv dag zog rau lub hwj chim ntawm Hannibal thiab lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub dictatorship, qab uas yuav tau ua los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov oligarchy raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo hauv chav kawm ntawv.

Peb, ntxeev siab thiab treachery, lus dag nyob rau hauv tos ib pliag nyob rau txhua txhua kauj ruam ntawm Carthage, thiab tsis muaj tej yam tiag tiag pab pawg phooj ywg - Macedonia.

Plaub, nws yog, ntawm chav kawm, lub hauv paus rau lub Roman tub rog lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog lawm mas ib tug wealth ntawm kev. Txawm li cas los, mus rau tim Loos, qhov no tsov rog tau los ua ib tug teb cog txiv, muab tso rau hauv lub brink ntawm cov ciaj sia taus Roman koom pheej. Yog vim li cas rau lub yeej ntawm Carthage nyob rau hauv ob Punic ua tsov ua rog tseem ntsuas, tab sis lawv yuav tag nrho ua raws li los ntawm cov 4 lub ntsiab leading mus rau lub yeej ntawm ib qho ntawm cov lusteb tub rog ntawm lub ancient ntiaj teb no.

Tsis zoo li Ob txhais los ntawm Thawj Punic ua tsov ua rog

Ob tug ua tsov ua rog twb txawv kiag li, txawm hais tias lawv muaj ib tug zoo lub npe. Tus thawj tug yog txhoj puab heev nyob rau ob sab, nws twb tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev ua yeeb ncuab ntawm Rome thiab Carthage rau lub muaj ib tug nplua nuj kob ntawm Sicily. Qhov thib ob yog kev txhoj puab heev tsuas yog los ntawm Carthage, Roman pab tub rog kuj ua lub hom phiaj ntawm liberation.

Tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus thawj thiab Ob txhais Wars - ib tug yeej ntawm Rome, ib tug loj loj pab tswj nyob rau hauv Carthage, qhov chaw kawm ib thaj tsam. Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm lub Ob txhais Punic ua tsov ua rog, cov ua, kev rau txim thiab keeb kwm tseem ceeb yog ib qhov nyuaj rau overestimate, Carthage kiag txwv tsis pub kom muaj ib tug fleet. Nws poob tag nrho txawv teb chaws ntiag tug, nws yuam exorbitant se rau 50 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsis ua rog tsis muaj kev tso cai los ntawm lub nroog Loos.

Ob txhais Punic ua tsov ua rog yuav hloov lub hom keeb kwm, yog hais tias tus coj nyob rau hauv Hmoob ntawm lub pab tub rog ntawm Hannibal ntawm Carthage muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov nyiaj them yug hauv lub teb chaws. Nws yuav yeej Rome. Raws li tag nrho cov no mus rau, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Cannae Rome muaj ib tug loj cov tub rog uas muaj peev xwm ntawm resisting Carthage, Hannibal, tab sis thaum cov muaj rog yuav tsis muaj peev xwm mus ntes ib tug zoo-fortified Rome. Nws twb tos rau kev pab los ntawm teb chaws Africa thiab uprising ntawm lub Italian lub zos tawm tsam cov Loos, tab sis tej nuj nqis cov thawj los yog tus thib ob, nws tsis tos rau ...