Lub mas kho ntawm 60-70 xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws

Alexander II yog tus huab tais ntawm tag nrho cov Russias, lub Polish King thiab Grand Duke of Finland nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1855 mus 1881. Nws tuaj ntawm lub Romanov dynasty.

Alexander II twb nco ntsoov hais tias raws li ib tug zoo heev innovator, kev mas kho ntawm 60-70 xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Lub fact lawv tau kev zoo dua los yog worsened lub socio-economic thiab kev nom kev tswv qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, historians tseem sib ceg. Tab sis lub luag hauj lwm ntawm huab tais yog ib qhov nyuaj rau overestimate. Tsis rau ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab historiography nws yog lub npe hu ua Alexander lub Liberator. Qhov no mus saib xyuas title yog tus uas kav lub abolition ntawm serfdom. Alexander II twb tua nyob rau hauv cov neeg ua phem nres, lub luag hauj lwm rau cov uas coj lub activists ntawm lub zog "Cov neeg Siab".

hais plaub ntug kho kom zoo

Ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb uas lom zem ntau hloov txoj kev ncaj ncees system nyob rau hauv Russia twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1864. Nws yog ib tug hais plaub ntug txoj cai. Qhov no yog qhov twg lub mas kho ntawm lub 60-70s ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua nyob heev ci. Qhov no txoj cai yog lub hauv paus rau ib tug unified tsev hais plaub system, cov kev ua ntawm uas tam sim no yuav tsum tau muab raws li cov ntsiab cai ntawm koob pheej ntawm lawv ntawm tag nrho cov seem ntawm cov pejxeem ua ntej txoj cai. Tam sim no lub rooj sib tham, uas nyob ob pej xeem thiab cov txim txhaum tus neeg mob uas tau ua rau pej xeem, thiab lawv tau yuav tsum tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub sau xov xwm. Ob tog kev taug plaub ntug tau tso cai rau txoj kev mus raws li txoj cai ntuas, nrog ntau dua kev cai lij choj kev kawm ntawv thiab tsis tsoom fwv kev pab cuam.

Txawm tias tseem ceeb nrhav aimed ntawm strengthening lub capitalist system, tsis tau lub siab dav kho ntawm 60-70 xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 fwm vestiges ntawm serfdom. Rau tus tswv teb los tsim tshwj xeeb county cov tsev hais plaub, uas raws li ib tug rau txim yuav xaiv thiab tu. Yog hais tias peb xav txog cov nom tswv txheej txheem, tus thawj tswj reprisals twb inevitable, txawm hais tias qhov kev txiav txim yog ib tug acquittal.

Zemstvo kho kom zoo

Alexander II yog paub txog qhov yuav tsum tau rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm tsoom fwv hauv zos. Nrug kho 60-70-ies tau nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm xaiv lub cev Zemsky. Lawv tau mus rau nrog tej teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau taxation, kev kho mob, kev kawm ntawv, cov nyiaj txiag, thiab hais txog. D. Kev xaiv tsa mus rau lub koog tsev kawm ntawv thiab Zemstvo boards tau muaj nyob rau hauv ob ua sawv thiab muab feem ntau ntawm cov rooj zaum nyob rau hauv lawv ua nom ua tswv. Peasants muab ib tug me luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev daws hauv zos tej teeb meem. Qhov no qhov teeb meem persisted mus txog rau thaum lub caij puv 19 xyoo pua. Ib me ntsis kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub proportions tiav nkag mus rau hauv lub council ntawm lub kulaks thiab tub txawj tub ntse, uas los ntawm ib tug neeg pluag tom qab.

Zemstvos raug xaiv rau plaub lub xyoos. Lawv twb koom nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm tsoom fwv hauv zos. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus neeg mob, muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev txaus siab ntawm lub peasants, qhov kev txiav txim tau ua nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm cov tswv tsev.

cov tub rog kho kom zoo

Peb kov on qhov kev hloov thiab cov tub rog. Lub mas kho ntawm 60-70 xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 tau kev mob siab los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau rau ceev Modernization ntawm cov tub rog machinery. Coj transformation D. A. Milyutin. Reform coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ob peb ua sawv. Thaum xub thawj, tag nrho cov teb chaws raug faib mus ua tub rog ib cheeb tsam. Rau qhov no yog luam tawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Central yog cov kev cai nyob rau hauv conscription, kos npe rau los ntawm tus huab tais nyob rau hauv 1862. Nws hloov conscription rau hauv cov tub rog kev mobilization, tsis hais cov chav kawm ntawv. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov kho kom zoo yog mus txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau hauv peacetime thiab muaj peev xwm mus kom sai sau lawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev npaj txhij txog phaum hostilities.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kev hloov no tau muaj tau tiav:

1. Tsim ib tug uas nws kim heev network ntawm cov tub rog thiab cadet tsev kawm ntawv, uas muab kev koom tes cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawv.
2. pab tub rog tooj twb txo los ntawm 40%.
3. lub tsev hauv paus thiab lub tub rog District tau nrhiav tau.
4. Cov tub rog twb abolished kev lig kev cai ntawm nchav rau lub slightest ua txhaum.
5. Ntiaj teb no rov.

neeg pluag kho kom zoo

Serfdom nyob rau hauv lub reign ntawm Alexander II tau yuav luag outlived nws tus kheej. Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob mas kho 60-70. XIX xyoo pua nrog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb los mus tsim ib tug ntau tshaj thiab civilized lub xeev. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kheej ntawm kev lub neej. Neeg pluag nyob tsis tau loj hlob muaj zog, lawv ua tshwj xeeb mob tom qab exhausting lub Crimean ua tsov ua rog. Lub xeev no thov no ya ntawm cov pejxeem kev them nyiaj yug nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua. Lub peasants tau convinced tias lub nqi zog rau qhov no yuav yuav lawv liberation ntawm tus tswv av arbitrariness, tab sis lawv cia siab tau dashed. Qhia, riots tsoo tawm. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv 1855 muaj 56, ces nyob rau hauv 1856-m tus xov tooj twb tshaj 700.
Alexander II kom cov creation ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb Committee on neeg pluag Affairs, uas muaj 11 cov neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1858, cov kho kom zoo project twb nthuav. Nws pom tias Workers committees nyob rau hauv lub teb, uas yuav muaj xws li cov feem ntau authoritative cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub aristocratic cov neeg tseem ceeb. Lawv tso cai kho cov kev kee.

Cov yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv uas lub mas kho ntawm 60-70 xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm serfdom, yog tus nrog paub txog ntawm tus kheej kev ywj pheej ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Txawm li cas los, tus tswv tsev twb tag nrho cov tswv thiab cov tswv ntawm thaj av uas cov tswv teb ua hauj lwm. Tab sis lub sij hawm tas los, muab lub sij hawm mus txhiv lub teb chaws, uas ua hauj lwm ua ke nrog outbuildings thiab lej. Peb tes num tau tshwm sim los ib nthwv dej ntawm indignation nyob rau ib feem ntawm cov tswv tsev, thiab los ntawm cov peasants. Cov yav tas los tiv thaiv landless tso tawm, kev sib cav hais tias "tib huab cua yuav tsis tau tag nrho."

Hwm thiab paub ntshai escalation ntawm qhov teeb meem no, ua ke nrog rau cov neeg pluag revolts, tsoom fwv yuav ua ntau yam pauv loj concessions. Tus tshiab kho kom zoo project muaj ntau radical. Lub peasants tau muab tus kheej txoj kev ywj pheej thiab daim av nyob rau hauv tas mus li muaj, ua raws li los ntawm kev xaiv yuav. Ua li no, qhov kev pab cuam lub concessional txais tau raug tsim.

19/02/1861, huab tais kos npe rau manifesto, uas yog legislate innovation. Tom qab no twb tau txais thiab cov kev cai uas nthuav dav tswm qhov teeb meem uas tshwm sim taus nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm realization ntawm kho kom zoo mus rau hauv xyaum. Tom qab serfdom twb abolished, nws twb tau mus cuag lub nram qab no tau:

1. Lub peasants tau txais tus kheej kev ywj pheej, thiab muaj peev xwm mus pov tseg ntawm tag nrho lawv tej khoom ntiag tug nyob rau ntawm lawv tus kheej.
2. Cov tswv tsev yog cov rightful tswv ntawm lawv cov av, tab sis lawv yuam ua hauj lwm muab lub qub serf ntawm tej yam Holdings.
3. Rau cov kev siv ntawm cov xauj av lub peasants yuav tsum tau them nyiaj, los ntawm uas nws yog tsis yooj yim sua tsis kam rau cuaj lub xyoo.
4. Qhov ntev ntawm serfdom thiab muab sau tseg rau hauv tshwj xeeb daim ntawv pov uas muaj tseeb los ntawm intermediary lub cev.
5. Farmers lub sij hawm yuav txhiv lawv cov av los ntawm daim ntawv cog lus nrog tus tswv tsev.

kev kawm ntawv kho dua tshiab

Nws tau hloov thiab lub system ntawm kev kawm ntawv. realschule tau tsim nyob rau hauv uas, tsis zoo li tus txheej txheem sau ntawv, qhia ntau txog yog muab tso rau hauv lej thiab tej yam ntuj tso kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv 1868, Moscow pib ua tsuas yog nyob rau lub sij hawm ntau dua kev kawm rau cov poj niam, uas yog ib tug loj txhob nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo yog txivneej los pojniam koob pheej ntawm lawv.

lwm kho

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau tag nrho cov saum toj no, kev hloov tau ua thiab ntau lwm spheres ntawm lub neej. Yog li, ho txhab cov cai ntawm cov neeg Yudais. Lawv yuav tsiv mus nyob dawb do thoob plaws hauv lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm Russia raug tso cai. Muaj txoj cai yuav tawm mus thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tshwj xeeb tau intellectuals, cov kws kho mob, cov kws lijchoj thiab artisans.

Ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws tshawb txog ntawm mas kho 60-70-ies ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo, lub 8 qib ntawm ob lub tsev kawm ntawv.