Lub lom luag hauj lwm ntawm cov amino acids thiab lawv daim ntawv sau npe

Yuav ua li cas yog lom luag hauj lwm ntawm cov amino acids? Wb sim ua ke mus nrhiav ib lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no. Qhia cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm ib chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tebchaw, lawv tshuaj zog, lub ntsiab teb ntawm daim ntawv thov.

keeb kwm ntaub ntawv

Thawj qhib amino acid glycine yog. Nws 1820 godu tsim los ntawm acid hydrolysis ntawm gelatin. Lub deduced amino acid muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov protein molecule tsuas yog rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, nws twb ces qhia amino acid - threonine.

yooj yim zog

Thaum lub caij, muaj txog 300 amino acids uas ua ntau yam zog nyob rau hauv lub cev.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub ntsiab lom luag hauj lwm ntawm cov amino acids? Nees nkaum ntawm lawv pom tau hais tias txheej txheem (proteinogenic), vim hais tias lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov tub ntxhais ntawm cov protein molecules.

Cov tebchaw yog ib feem ntawm tej yam proteins. Oksiprilin lub hauv paus ntawm collagen, elastin tsim desmosine.

Lawv yuav ua tau intermediates nyob rau hauv metabolic dab. Xws li yog cov muaj nuj nqi ntawm citrulline, ornithine.

Lub lom nuj nqi ntawm cov amino acids thiab yog lub synthesis ntawm nucleotides, polyamides. Cov pa roj carbon saw ntawm lub tebchaw siv los tsim lwm yam organic tshuaj:

• Qabzib yog tsim los ntawm glucogenic amino acids;
• Lipids yog tsim ketogenic tebchaw.

Lub lom luag hauj lwm ntawm cov amino acids yog tau ntawm lawv cov kev siv rau kev txiav txim ntawm functional pawg. Cysteine yog siv rau cov cim ntawm sulfate pab pawg neeg. Aspartate yog siv nyob rau hauv kev txheeb xyuas cov amino pab pawg neeg.

nomenclature nta

Yuav ua li cas kom paub tias cov amino acids? Tus qauv, kev faib tawm, lom luag hauj lwm ntawm cov tebchaw yog tias, txawm nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawv qhia.

Amino acids yog derivatives ntawm carboxylic acids, cov muaj pes tsawg leeg uas ib hydrogen atom yog hloov los ntawm ib tug amino pab pawg neeg.

Nyob rau qhov chaw ntawm lub functional pawg nyob rau hauv ib tug compound tej zaum yuav ob peb isomers. Chemists siv xwb peb sib txawv nomenclature: muaj kuab, tsis tseem ceeb, systematic.

Tsis tseem ceeb npe ntawm cov tebchaw yog txuam nrog rau qhov chaw los ntawm uas lawv cais. Serine incorporated rau hauv lub txhob lo lo ntxhuav fibroin, Glutamine yog pom nyob rau hauv gluten cereals. Cystine tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub zais zis pob zeb.

Meej pem lub npe yog txuam nrog ib tug carboxylic acid derivative, thiab cov tsiaj ntawv siv rau specifying qhov chaw ntawm lub theem ntawm cov amino acids nyob rau hauv ib tug protein molecule. Nyob rau hauv biochemistry tsis tseem ceeb npe thiab abbreviations ntawm cov tebchaw.

kev faib ntawm amino acids

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub li cas lom luag hauj lwm ntawm cov amino acids thiab lawv daim ntawv thov, yuav nyob rau hauv lub cais ntawm cov organic tebchaw.

Tam sim no, ob peb hom kev faib:

• los ntawm cov radical;
• rau cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm polarity;
• ntawm embodiment synthesis nyob rau hauv lub cev.

Raws li cov radical qauv sib txawv ntawm cov amino acids cais nyob rau hauv cov organic Science News for KIDS.

Lub aliphatic tebchaw yuav muaj ib tug carboxyl thiab amino pab pawg neeg, nyob rau hauv uas cov ntaub ntawv lawv yog monoaminokarbonovymi tebchaw.

Thaum ob tug amino pawg COOH thiab suab ntaub ntawv no yog hu ua monoaminodikarbonovymi tshuaj.

Tsis tas li ntawd paim diaminomonocarboxylic thiab diaminodikarbonovye amino acid daim ntawv.

Cyclic hom txawv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm mus, tab sis kuj lawv zoo muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Los ntawm Lehninger, cov amino acids yog muab faib ua plaub pawg raws li lub peculiarities ntawm lub hydrocarbon radical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog dej:

• hydrophobic;
• hydrophilic;
• tsis zoo - them;
• zoo-them.

Nyob ntawm seb lub peev xwm los ua ke rau hauv lub amino acid nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev paim tseem ceeb (ua rau cov zaub mov), thiab interchangeable hom.

lom luag hauj lwm ntawm lub alpha-amino acid muaj lawm proven heev heev scientific thwmsim.

lub zog

Cov amino acids yog yus? Nomenclature, lub zog thiab roj ntsha luag hauj lwm ntawm cov tebchaw yog muaj rau cov kawm tiav ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub unified lub xeev xeem nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS. Cov organic acids yog nkag soluble nyob rau hauv dej, muaj siab melting point.

Lawv kho qhov muag ua si vim rau qhov nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me ntawm lub asymmetric carbon atom (lub xwb kev zam yog glycine). Uas yog vim li cas lub L- thiab D-stereoisomers ntawm cov amino acids tau pom.

Isomers ntawm L-series pom nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov tsiaj protein. Tus nqi rau cov hydrogen index ntawm cov tebchaw yog nyob rau hauv ntau 5.5-7.

tshuaj zog

Xav txog ntau amino acids. Qauv, tshuaj zog, lom cwj pwm ntawm cov organic tshuaj yuav tsum tau paub.

Cov tseem ntawm cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov amino acids lus dag nyob rau hauv lawv cov duality. Amphoteric vim li cas yog lub xub ntiag ntawm ob functional pawg ntawm cov organic acids.

Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub carboxyl pab pawg neeg COOH ua rau cov tebchaw ntawm ib tug acidic xwm. Lawv nkag hnov mob muaj tus nquag co, yooj yim oxides, alkali. Tsis tas li ntawd acidity thaj chaw ntawm cov organic tebchaw no yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub esterification cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (nrog alcohols tsim esters).

Amino acids kuj sib hnov mob nrog cov ntsev tsim los ntawm tsis muaj zog mineral acids. Raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li ib tug tiv thaiv yuav yuav suav hais tias yog kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov amino acids nrog carbonates thiab bicarbonates.

Lub ntsiab thaj chaw ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv yog rau cov amino acids muaj peev xwm yuav hnov mob nrog rau lwm cov acids ntawm cov amino pab pawg neeg. Nyob rau hauv no rau ntsev.

Lub lom luag hauj lwm ntawm lub decarboxylation ntawm amino acids uas tsim ib tug nruab nrab ib puag ncig uas yog kiag li zoo rau tus sia.

Ninhydrin xeem yuav ntes amino acids nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Lub essence ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tias cov tsis muaj kob tshuaj ntawm ninhydrin nyob rau hauv kev sis raug zoo nrog ib tug amino acid yuav condense nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug dimer los ntawm ib tug nitrogen atom uas yog cleaved los ntawm cov coj amino acid.

Cov uas ua xim muaj ib tug reddish Hawj txawm filoletovy tas li ntawd, decarboxylation ntawm amino acids tshwm sim, uas ua nyob rau hauv lub tsim ib tug tej yam aldehyde thiab cov pa roj carbon monoxide (4).

Nws ninhydrin cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog siv los ntawm biologists nyob rau hauv lub tsom xam ntawm cov thawj qauv ntawm cov protein molecules. Raws li rau cov xim siv yuav yuav ntes tau ntau amino acid cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv thawj zaug tshuaj, yog li ntawd ib tug zoo li tsom xam yog ev thaum paub amino acid concentration.

kev tshua

Cov amino acids uas tsis yog lub carboxyl thiab amino pawg, tej zaum yuav muaj ntxiv functional pawg. Rau lawv cov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb lub chaw soj nstuam nqa tawm zoo tshua.

Arginine yuav qhia tau nyob rau hauv lub ntoos sib xyaw los ntawm kev ua zoo Sakaguchi cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (guanidine pab pawg neeg nyob). Cysteine yuav txiav txim los ntawm foll, hais rau SH-pawg.

nitration (ksantoproteinovaya cov tshuaj tiv thaiv) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv enables kom paub meej tias cov muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntoos sib xyaw uas muaj ntxhiab amino acids. Millon cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog rau kom paub tias ntawm ib tug hydroxyl pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv lub muaj ntxhiab nplhaib ntawm tyrosine.

Nta ntawm lub peptide daim ntawv cog lus

Yuav ua li cas characterizes cov leej faj amino acids? Lawv lom lub luag hauj lwm yog txuam nrog rau cov tsim ntawm molecules ntawm peptides. Nyob rau hauv lub sib raug zoo ntawm ib tug qauv ntau amino acid yog phua tawm dej lwg me me thiab cov amino acid residues ntawm ib tug peptide (amide) daim ntawv cog lus mus rau daim ntawv peptides.

Cov nab npawb ntawm cov amino acid residues uas rau polypeptide txawv considerably. Cov peptides uas muaj tsis muaj ntau tshaj li kaum amino acid residues, xa mus rau raws li oligopeptides. Lub npe ntawm lub resulting tebchaw yog feem ntau qhia tias cov xov tooj ntawm cov amino acid residues.

Yog hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ib yam khoom uas muaj ntau tshaj li kaum amino acid residues, lub tebchaw hu ua polypeptides. Rau cov neeg tebchaw uas muaj xws li cov neeg tshaj li tsib caug amino acid residues, cov khoom ntawm lub synthesis ntawm ib tug protein hu ua.

Yog li, lub hormone glyukagen, nyob rau hauv uas cov qauv muaj 29 cov amino acids uas biologists hu rau lawm. Amino acid residues pib monomers xam tau tias yog organic acids uas yog ua los ntawm proteinaceous compound.

Cov amino acid residue uas yog kaw nyob rau sab laug, muaj ib tug amino pab pawg neeg, hu ua N-davhlau ya nyob twg fragment muaj ib tug carboxyl pab pawg neeg, raws li C-davhlau ya nyob twg, nws yog feem ntau sau ib daim ntawv rau ntawm txoj cai.

Thaum tis npe lub resulting polypeptide amino acid abbreviations siv, los ntawm uas nws yog tsim. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias tus sis twb tau mus kawm los ntawm glycine, serine, alanine, muab tripeptide yuav nyeem glitsilserilalanin.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tej yam amino acids

Glycine (aminoacetic acid) yog ib tug neeg ntawm cov pa roj carbon tawg tsam uas yog tsim nyog rau cov tsim ntawm hemoglobin, pyrrole, choline, nucleotides, raws li zoo raws li rau qhov synthesis ntawm creatine.

Serine yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub active qhov chaw ntawm enzymes. Qhov no amino acid yog yuav tsum tau rau lub synthesis txheej txheem phosphoprotein (natural mis nyuj casein).

Glucogenic acid yuav tsum tau mus rau theem nrab, tertiary qauv ntawm cov protein molecule. Qhov no compound yog lub feem ntau reactive functional ib pawg, yog li ntawd lub substance nkag undergoes oxidation-yuav txo tau dab, binds qhov hnyav hlau li insoluble tebchaw. Nws yog nws leej twg ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug sulfate pab pawg neeg pub, thov rau qhov synthesis ntawm cov leej faj-muaj tshuaj.

xaus

Amino acids yog amphoteric organic tebchaw uas muaj lom tseem ceeb. Nws cov amino acid residues nyob rau hauv lub synthesis txheej txheem tsim ib theem zuj zus uas yog tus thawj qauv ntawm cov protein molecules. Nyob ntawm seb yuav ua li cas precisely hlua li cov amino acid tawg tsam tsim protein hais rau txhua txhua nyob kab mob.