Lub kim tshaj plaws kis ntawm ancient Russia

Txhua lub xeev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv no ntiaj chaw nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov keeb kwm sij hawm, nws tuaj nyob rau hauv lub xaus rau li cas nws yuav tsum tau ntau tshaj li barter. Ua txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam tawm thiab cov emergence ntawm nroog loj yuam cov rulers los yog ntawm lub zej zog los nrhiav ib txoj kev nyob rau hauv qhov kev luj xyuas ntawm ib cov khoom. Yog li tsim lub khoom-nyiaj kev sib raug zoo.

Npib ntawm Ancient Rus 'nyob rau hauv lub Kiev nqi zog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thaum cov tub ntxhais lub xeev tau hnov yam tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej.

Nyiaj nyob rau hauv Kievan Rus rau lawv co nyiaj npib

Ua ntej Slavic pab pawg neeg tau koom rau hauv ib tug zoo lub xeev - Kievan Rus, nrog rau ntau ancient keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws rau ntau centuries, thiab coined nyiaj twb vim lawv pauv nrog txhua lwm yam.

Lub hiob npib ntawm Russia, nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub nqi zog ntawm Kiev, hnub ntawm lub 1-3 th centuries AD. e. thiab lawv yog cov Roman denarius. Tej artifacts nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm ancient settlements, tab sis siv lawv them rau lub Slavs los yog hniav nyiaj hniav kub kom txog thaum tsis paub. Txij li thaum lub inter-pab pawg neeg ua lag luam kev sib raug zoo yog ntau dua pauv tus cwj pwm, qhov tiag tus nqi ntawm ib tug denarius nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no twb tsis tau kawm txog.

Yog li ntawd, cov kis ntawm ancient Russia Kuna - ib lub tswvyim uas siv rau hauv lub ancient keeb kwm raws li lub Roman, Byzantine thiab as nyiaj, thiab mus rau lub plaub ntawm martens, uas yog feem ntau siv los them rau cov khoom. Plaub thiab daim tawv nqaij rau ib ntev lub sij hawm tau qhov kev kawm ntawm khoom-nyiaj kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws uas muaj ntau lub teb chaws.

Cov nyiaj nyob rau hauv Kievan Rus 'pib yuav tsum tau minted kom txog rau thaum lub caij 10 xyoo pua.

Npib ntawm Kievan Rus

Lub earliest npib ntawm ancient Russia, nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub nqi zog ntawm Kiev, tus tub huabtais muaj ib daim duab rau ntawm ib sab thiab Trident los yog ib tug ob-pronged caj npab - nyob rau lwm yam. Lawv ua los ntawm cov nyiaj thiab kub, yog li nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ancient npib thiab lawv piav nyob rau hauv lub annals lawv tau muab lub npe "zlatniki" thiab "daim nyiaj".

Duab ntawm tub huabtais Vladimir rau npib los ntawm 980 rau 1015 Pes tsawg feem yog tus inscription "Vladimir rau lub zwm txwv, thiab nws cov nyiaj." Nyob rau hauv rov qab sab yog xwm ib tug kos npe rau ntawm Rurik, uas yog kho nyob ntawm seb leej reigned.

Lub earliest nyiaj npib ntawm ancient Russia, thiab siv tau rau lawv lub npe "UAH" muaj lawv etymologies. Keeb lo lus no meant cov nyiaj bullion, sib npaug zos rau cov nqi ntawm ib tug nees (txoob). qeb "Hryvnia nyiaj" yog hais nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm cov xyoo. Tom qab ntawd, thaum lub dej ntas ntawm npib ntawm no hlau, nws pib mus rau sib haum mus rau tus nqi nyob rau hauv banknotes.

Nyob rau hauv Vladimir Great minted zlatniki uas muaj qhov hnyav ~ 4.4 g thiab tej daim ntawm cov nyiaj, tus luj ntawm uas varied los 1.7 mus 4,68 grams. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv bank sau ntawv tau kis thiab tus nqi ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv Kievan Rus ', lawv kuj coj sab nraum lub teb nyob rau hauv lub lag luam tawm. Kub npib ntawm ancient Russia twb ua tau tsuas yog thaum tub huabtais Vladimir, thaum nws cov thwjtim siv tau los ua heev dua lwm yam nyiaj.

Cov duab rau cov obverse lub portrait ntawm tub huabtais Vladimir, thiab qhov rov qab - ib tug kos npe rau ntawm teej tug mus rau lub Rurik dynasty yog ib tug nom tswv xwm, raws li nws qhia tau hais tias cov kev kawm uas tsis ntev los United States nws central txoj cai.

Banknotes ntawm Russia 11-13 centuries

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Vladimir npib ntawm ancient Russia txuas ntxiv mus rau mint nws tus tub Yaroslav (Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Novgorod), lub npe hu nyob rau hauv keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm Wise.

Txij li thaum Orthodoxy tau kis thoob plaws hauv lub nqi zog ntawm Kiev, nyob rau banknotes Jaroslav tam sim no duab yog tsis tus tub huabtais, thiab Saint George, uas yog suav hais tias yog tus tswv ntawm nws tus kheej patron. Nyob rau hauv rov qab ntawm cov kis nws tseem yog ib tug Trident thiab ib inscription hais tias nws srebro Yaroslav. Tom qab nws pib kav nyob rau hauv Kiev, co nyiaj npib ho tsum lawm, thiab lub hryvnia tau los ua ib tug silver pob zeb diamond qauv.

Qhov kawg npib ntawm ancient Russia (yees duab hauv qab no - Oleg Svyatoslavich nyiaj) - nws yog banknotes 1083-1094, raws li cov sij hawm uas tom ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev no yog hu ua coinless. Thaum lub sij hawm no, nws twb txiav txim siab los ua kev cai rau hauv lub xam nyiaj hryvnia, uas yog ua tau lub ingot.

Muaj ntau ntau ntau ntau yam ntawm hryvnia, uas yog lub ntsiab qhov txawv nyob rau hauv tus duab thiab qhov hnyav. Yog li, Kiev Hryvnia muaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug rhombus cheroots, tus luj ntawm uas yog sib npaug zos rau ~ 160 g Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm kuj tau chernigovskaya (rhombus yog daim ntawv uas ~ 195 g), Volga (tiaj tus bar 200 g), Lithuanian (Notched bar) thiab Novgorod (tus bar uas 200 g) hryvnia.

Tus me tshaj npib ntawm ancient Russia yog tseem ntawm European qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob, vim nyiaj tsis hloov kev siv nyiaj. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub Principality ntawm Kiev txawv teb chaws nyiaj muaj lawv lub npe - Kuna, nogata, Växjö - thiab muaj lawv lub ntsej muag tus nqi. Yog li, nyob rau hauv 11-12 centuries 1 Hryvnia equated 20 nogata Coon los yog 25, thiab qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th - 100 50 Växjö los yog Coon. Qhov no yog vim kev loj hlob sai ntawm ob lub Kievan Rus, thiab nws cov lag luam tawm kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm lub teb chaws.

Muaj yog ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias cov tsawg tshaj plaws npib xam tau tias yog marten pelts - Coon thiab nas - Växjö. Ib daim tawv nqaij yog sib npaug zos rau nees nkaum-thib tsib los yog fiftieth ntawm lub hryvnia, tab sis los ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th plaub them nyiaj tau ua obsolete, raws li cov hlau pib chasing Kun.

Cov tsos ntawm lub ruble

Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th Kievan Rus nyob rau hauv kev pib tshwm "tws" cov nyiaj uas tau ua los ntawm nyiaj hryvnia. Nws yog ib tug silver pas nrig, uas muaj 4 "tws" qhov chaw. Txhua daim muaj notches uas qhia qhov nyhav thiab thiaj li tus nqi.

Txhua ruble yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob halves, ces lawv hu ua "poltinas". Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, tag nrho cov hryvnia maj nrhiav lub npe "ruble", thiab txij li thaum lub 14th xyoo pua lawv pib mus depict stamp wizards, princes npe thiab txawv cov cim.

Npib ntawm Ancient Rus tau siv tsis tau tsuas yog los mus them rau cov khoom, tab sis kuj yuav tau them ib tug zoo rau lub txhab nyiaj rau hauv lub None. Yog li ntawd, rau kev tua neeg ntawm ib tug dawb pej xeem nws yog lub siab tshaj plaws kev ntsuas ntawm kev rau txim - "Vira", uas yuav raug nqi 5 hryvnia ib smerd thiab mus txog rau 80 hryvnia rau ib tug noble txiv neej. Rau mutilation lub tsev hais plaub yuam kab lus poluvire. "Poklepna" - lub txim rau defamation - yog sib npaug zos rau 12 UAH.

Them nqi se nyob rau hauv lub None lub txhab hu ua "hneev", thiab cov kev cai lij choj, luam tawm ntau Yaroslav cov Wise - "hneev muaj tseeb", cim tias seb thaum lub loj ntawm lub tribute levied rau txhua lub zej zog.

Npib Moscow nqi zog

"Coinless" lub sij hawm khiav tawm mus rau nruab nrab ntawm Kievan Rus ntawm lub 14th xyoo pua, thaum tus tshiab khiv pib minting npib, lub npe hu ua "nyiaj". Feem ntau, tsis txhob siv coining nyiaj npib ntawm tus Golden Horde, uas yeej Lavxias teb sab cim. Manufactured me me npib tau hu ua "poludengi" thiab "chetverettsy", thiab tooj liab - dej da.

Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm thaum sau ntawv tsis tau muaj ib tug paub tias lub ntsej muag tus nqi, thaum manufactured los ntawm 1420 Novgorod nyiaj yog twb ze rau nws. Lawv minted ntau tshaj 50 xyoo unchanged - nrog rau cov inscription "The Great Novgorod".

Los ntawm 1425 muaj ib tug "nyiaj Pskov," tab sis unified system ntawm cov nyiaj sawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, thaum lub 2 hom ntawm cov nyiaj npib raug coj - Moscow thiab Novgorod. Nws los ua lub hauv paus ntawm lub nominal ruble, uas nws muaj nuj nqis yog sib npaug zos rau 100 200 Novgorod thiab Moscow nyiaj. Lub ntsiab monetary tsev ntawm qhov ceeb thawj yog tseem xam tau tias yog nyiaj Hryvnia (204.7 g), los ntawm uas cov cam khwb cia npib 2.6 rubles.

Tsuas yog txij thaum 1530 nws tau txais qhov kawg 1 ruble par nqi, uas yog siv rau qhov no hnub. Nws yog ib 100 penny poltina - 50, thiab torque - 10 pennies. Tus me tshaj nyiaj - Altyn - twb sib npaug zos rau 3 kopecks, 1 penny yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv 4 penny.

Ruble minted nyob rau hauv Moscow, thiab ib tug me ntsis nyiaj - nyob rau hauv Novgorod thiab Pskov. Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub hom Rurik, Fedor, kuj pib mint ib penny nyob rau hauv Moscow. Npib muas tau cov tib luj thiab cov duab, tawm tswv yim qhov saws me nyuam los ntawm ib tug tib txiaj system.

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub Polish thiab Swedish txoj hauj lwm nyiaj dua poob ib zaug xwb hom, tab sis tom qab cov lus tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv 1613 ntawm tus huab tais ntawm cov Romanov dynasty npib tau nrhiav lub tib yam tsos nrog nws cov duab. Txij li thaum lub kawg ntawm 1627 Moscow Mint yog tus tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

Npib lwm principalities

Thaum ntau lub sij hawm Lavxias teb sab nqi zog minted nyiaj. Cov feem ntau lug siv ntau lawm ntawm cov nyiaj npib tau txais tom qab Dmitry Donskoy ua nws thawj cov nyiaj, uas twb xwm ib tug tub rog nrog ib tug rab ntaj nyob rau hauv nees. Lawv tau ua zoo nyiaj pas nrig, uas tau raug yav tas los flattened. Masters siv ib tug tshwj xeeb lub cuab tam nrog rau cov npaj duab - xyuas, los ntawm tej yam uas cov nyiaj npib yuav muab tus loj tib yam, qhov hnyav thiab tsim.

Tsis ntev saber nyob rau rider tau hloov nrog ib tug hmuv, thiab ib npib nyiaj hu ua vim hais tias qhov no yog qhov "penny."

Raws li los ntawm Donskoi ntau principalities pib mint lawv tus kheej npib, depicting lawv ntawm qhov kev txiav txim princes. Vim hais tias ntawm no discord muab rau hauv ib tug me me nqi ntawm cov nyiaj, uas yog tsis tshua muaj yooj yim rau kev ua lag luam, yog li chasing sim lwm qhov, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws muaj yog ib tug tib monetary system raug txwv tshwj tsis yog Moscow.

Resana

Dhau li tag nrho hauv tsev npib muaj nyob rau hauv ancient Russia, uas hu ua "txiav". Nws puas tau, tej dirham Abbasid Caliphate. Lub nominal tus nqi ntawm "txiav" yog sib npaug zos rau 1/20 ntawm cov hryvnia, thiab cov kev txuas ntxiv kom txog thaum lub 12th caug xyoo. Lub disappearance ntawm lub npib nrog lub Kievan Rus qhov chaw vim lub fact tias cov caliphate tau ceased mus yuav minted dirhams, thiab "txiav" twb hloov kunoy.

Zog ntawm Guj kuj npib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th

Txij li thaum 1654 feem ntau ntawm cov nyiaj tau ruble poltina, polupoltina thiab ntaus cov tau nyiaj ntau heev. Tus me npib tsis muaj kev xav.

Rubles nyob rau hauv cov hnub tau ua nyiaj, thiab poltinas muaj zoo sib xws nrog lawv, rau lawv cov sib txawv minted tooj liab. Polupoltiny kuj nyiaj thiab pennies - tooj liab.

Los ntawm no nce nqi ua nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj koob muaj npe cai rau equate tooj liab hloov nyob rau hauv tus nqi rau cov nyiaj, vim hais tias ntawm yog dab tsi loj hlob cov khoom thiab pib riots. Great ntxeev siab nyob rau hauv 1662 nyob rau hauv Moscow, hu ua "tooj liab revolt" coj mus rau lub fact tias cov cai twb rhuav pov tseg thiab minting nyiaj npib zoo tu qab tso.

Peter 1 Reform

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm tiag tiag monetary kho kom zoo twb nqa tawm los ntawm Peter 1 nyob rau hauv 1700. Tsaug rau nws Mint pib minting nyiaj rubles, ib nrab ib tug ruble, polupoltin Altyn, hryvnia thiab tooj liab xees. Kub ducats ua. Yuav kom lawv tau ua los ntawm kub round billets, uas tau tso los ntawm embossing inscriptions thiab cov dluab.

Muaj ib tug yooj yim (w - 3,4 g) thiab ob chervontsi (6.8g depicting Peter 1 nyob rau obverse thiab nyob rau hauv rov qab ntawm lub dav dawb hau). Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv 1718 tuaj thawj npib nrog rau cov duab ntawm lub ntsej muag muaj nqis - dvuhrublevik.

Zoo unchanged, cov denominations tau muaj ua ntej lub xyoo pua 20th.

Npib ntawm Kievan Rus 'tam sim no

Niaj hnub no, muaj yog:

• zlatniki Vladimir - 11;

• Serebrenikov Vladimira - ntau tshaj 250;
• Serebrenikov Svyatopolka - txog 50;
• Serebrenikov Yaroslava Mudrogo - 7.

Lub kim tshaj plaws kis ntawm ancient Russia - Vladimir zlatniki (ntau tshaj 100 000 $) thiab rau daim nyiaj Yaroslava Mudrogo (60 000 $).

Numismatics

Cov science uas kawm npib, hu ua Numismatics. Tsaug rau nws, lolus yuav kom ntsuam xyuas lub keeb kwm thiab nyiaj txiag muaj nqis ntawm cov nyiaj. Lub rarest kis ntawm Kievan Rus yog rau cov zaub keeb kwm puas, qhov twg qhua yuav kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm co nyiaj npib thiab cov tam sim no kev ua lag luam tus nqi.