Lub Duke ntawm Alba: biography

Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke ntawm Alba, uas nws biography qhia ib tug ntau ntawm nthuav cov lus tseeb txog nws lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm, tau yug los nyob rau hauv 1507. Nws yog ib tug zoo-paub lus Mev feem ntau, raws li zoo raws li ib tug nrov statesman. Vim hais tias ntawm nws phem yog nicknamed "Hlau Duke".

Childhood thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntshav Duke

Fernando De Toledo yug nyob rau lub kaum hli ntuj 29, 1508 nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov hiob thiab feem ntau fwm noble tsev neeg ntawm Spain. Nws txiv tuag thaum Alvarez de Toledo yog tseem hluas muaj hnub nyoog, ces nws twb coj tau ib tug nruj yawg. Nws ua txhua yam kom loj hlob los ntawm ib tug me nyuam tub los ib tug ardent Catholic, tug tub qhe ntawm tus huab tais, thiab ib tug disciplined tub rog. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm kaum rau xyoo Duke ntawm Alba tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv lub campaigns uas huab tais Charles V tiv thaiv cov Fabkis.

Txij li thaum 1531 Fernando tau ua si ib leading luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm tiv thaiv cov Turks. Ntxiv mus, nws twb nce mus rau general tom qab ob xyoos thiab txawv nws tus kheej thaum lub sij hawm lub siege ntawm Tunis nyob rau hauv 1535. Tom qab tiv thaiv Perpignan los ntawm Fabkis nres nyob rau hauv 1542-m, nws raug tsa los ntawm Charles tsib tub rog adviser rau nws successor, Philippe.

Qhov tseem zoo-paub battles ntawm hnub

Lub Duke ntawm Alba txib cov cavalry, uas lom zem ntau pab mus rau imperial yeej ntawm Mühlberg nyob rau hauv 1547. Thiab tom qab tsib xyoo, Fernando Alvarez coj tshaj lub zuag qhia tag nrho hais kom ua ntawm lub Mev rog nyob rau hauv ltalis. Cuaj kaum, tus Duke yuav tsis tiv thaiv kom txhob lub yeej ntawm lub imperial rog, raws li ib tug rau txim ntawm no tau coj mus rau lub abdication ntawm huab tais nyob rau hauv 1556.

Philip II, los ua King of Spain, Fernando de Toledo, taw tswv xeev ntawm Milan, raws li zoo raws li lub commander ntawm cov tub rog rog ntawm ltalis. Muaj cov Duke ntawm Alba yog sib ntaus sib tua ib tug tsov rog tawm tsam cov papal pab tub rog ntawm Paul cov plaub, uas yog ib tug ally ntawm Fabkis, ntawm lub taub hau ntawm kaum ob txhiab Mev tub rog. Thaum tsis txhob ib tug ncaj qha kev tua nyob rau Rome, hais tias muaj yog tsis muaj repetition ntawm 1527.

Qhov ua kom yuam ntawm cov Pope, los yog cov ua tiav yeej ntawm Fernando

Dad pretended uas txhawb tw mus rau ib tug sib yeem lus, vam hais tias lub sij hawm no yuav ntes tau mus nrog cov Fabkis pab tub rog, tab sis tus Spaniards seized lawv thiab tua yeej nyob rau sib ntaus sib tua ntawm San Quentin. Thiab tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm cov kev tsim cov tub rog papal troops tau swb lawm. Fernando Alvarez tshwm sim los ntawm Pope mus txais lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv 1557, uas yog muab cov lus Mev domination nyob rau hauv ltalis rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo.

Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo ntawm lub monarchs ntawm Spain thiab Fabkis ib tug ntawv sib yeem lus twb kos npe rau hauv Cateau-Cambrésis. Thaum ntawd kub ntev li daim ntawv cog lus, lub Italian ceg av qab teb yog nyob rau hauv ib lub caij nyoog lub xeev ntawm so. Thiab tom ntej no theem tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub biography ntawm tus naas ej Fernando - ib tug phiaj los nqis tes ntawm lub Duke ntawm Alba nyob rau hauv 1567 thiab nws cov tom ntej txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub Netherlands, uas tau sab laug ib tug sib sib zog nqus cim nyob rau hauv keeb kwm vim hais tias txoj kev thuam thiab ntshav txheej xwm.

Ntshav deeds ntawm tus naas ej Duke

Nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj 1566 lub Netherlands yog Iconoclastic revolt, thaum lub sij hawm uas twb looted los yog txawm muab rhuav pov tseg tsis tau tsuas yog lub xov tooj ntawm monasteries, tab sis kuj lub koom txoos thiab Catholic saum. Yuav kom daws tau cov teeb meem ntawm pej xeem thiab cov kev cai dab qhuas tej teeb meem Korol Filipp II xa Fernando coj ib qho pab tub rog nyob rau hauv lub Netherlands. Muaj cov Duke ntawm Alba, uas nws biography expands rau lub sij hawm no, tshuav ib tug tshaj plaws ntshav puas.

Fernando nkag mus hauv ib ncig ntawm lub pob yim hli ntuj 22, 1567 thiab raug tsa Governor-dav. Thiab ib tug ob peb hnub tom qab nws nrhiav tau lub "Ntshav Council" mus suppress heresy thiab ntxeev siab. Qhov no Council yog ua hauj lwm nrog cov hnyav austerity. Txawm ob tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab nto moo nobles ntawm lub teb chaws, graphs, tshooj ntawm lub Flemish nom tswv cajceg, Egmont thiab Horn, twb puas tau raug ntes thiab muab tso rau hauv rooj plaub. lawv tom qab sau.

Tus tshiab se system

Tsis tas li ntawd executions twb raug mus rau ntau tshaj ib txhiab txiv neej ntawm cov qib, thiab muaj ntau yam khiav txawv teb chaws rau kev ruaj ntseg yog vim li cas. Tag nrho cov neeg txhaum, tua rau hli ntuj 5, 1568 nyob rau hauv lub zos Hall Square nyob rau hauv Brussels. Lub Duke ntawm Alba nrog ib tug nyuaj cim, nws tsis paub nyob rau hauv lub Flemish kev ncaj ncees. Nws pom nws raws li ib tug pab koj tu siab rau tus neeg raug foob. Yog li ntawd, Fernando Alvarez nyiam tiav thaum heev heev tim khawv.

Txij nkawm ntawm pab tub rog nyob rau hauv Flanders entail tseem ceeb economic nqi. Thiab cov ntshav Duke ntawm Alba txiav txim siab yuav ua kom paub ib tug tshiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm taxation nyob rau hauv lub Benelux lub teb chaws, raws li tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub Mev se system ntawm ib tus nqi ntawm kaum ib npib tooj per rau txhua hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm cov khoom. Muaj ntau lub xeev nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yuav yog nws txoj kev rau ib tug ib-lub sij hawm them nqi, pib sib sib zog nqus kev txhawj xeeb nyob rau hauv no hais txog, hais tias tus txoj kev vam meej ntawm lub Benelux lub teb chaws yog undermined.

Waiver ntawm kev them nyiaj ntawm cov se, los yog ntxeev siab uprising

Yog ib co neeg tsis kam them lub "them ib feem kaum" raws li dubbed se no, thiab pib ib pab laib sai sai kis thoob plaws hauv lub Netherlands. nicknamed lub tub huabtais ntawm txiv kab ntxwv, William lub uas ntsiag to nyob rau hauv lub Huguenots nyob rau hauv Fabkis, thiaj li hais tias lawv muab cov kev tsim nyog them nyiaj yug, thiab pib los pab txhawb lub rebels. Nws, nrog rau pab tub rog los ntawm Fabkis kuv coj ib tug ntau ntawm cov cheeb tsam.

Ib tug siege ntawm Haarlem yog yus muaj los ntawm tsausmuag ua ntawm ob tog. Nws kawm tiav los ntawm lub swb ntawm lub nroog thiab lub tsis txog li ob txhiab tus neeg. Vim rau qhov ntev ua tub rog campaigns thiab lub brutal tsuj ntawm ntxeev siab cov pej xeem uas tau siv lub Duke ntawm Alba, lub Netherlands ruaj nws lub npe menyuam yaus "Hlau Duke".

Nws lub koob npe nrov twb tau muab siv rau kev dag ntawm cov insurgents thiab ntxiv tej yam rau lub anti-Mev sentiment. Fernando tseem nrov nyob rau hauv lub Spanish pab tub rog, uas nws tsis yig ib zaug xwb feeb, yuav nco ntsoov meej twv cov mus ob peb vas ntawm tus neeg.

Qhov rov qab mus Spain, los yog lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej

Nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm txoj kev hostilities, qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv lub Netherlands yog tsis nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm Spain. Tom qab heev heev tsuj, uas ntawd kub ntev li tsib xyoos, txog tsib txhiab executions thiab qhov kev tsis txaus siab Philip II txiav txim siab los tejzaum qhov teeb meem no los ntawm qhov uas Fernando de Toledo, rov qab mus rau Spain.

Duke sailed los ntawm Holland, tseem nraus los ntawm revolts, Hlis ntuj nqeg 18, 1573. Rau nws rov qab mus rau Spain, Fernando pom nws tus kheej tawm ntawm haum nrog tus huab tais. Txawm li cas los, xya xyoo tom qab ntawd, Philip II commissioned cov conquest ntawm Portugal rau nws.

Fernando Alvarez sib yuav nyob rau hauv 1527 nws nkauj muam nraug nus Maria Enrique de Toledo. Los ntawm no kev sib yuav nws tshuav plaub qub txeeg qub teg: Garcia, Fadrique, Diego thiab Beatriz. Muaj kuj yog documentary pov thawj, uas nws thawj tus me nyuam yug tawm ntawm wedlock, uas yog yug los ntawm tus ntxhais ntawm ib tug Miller.

Lub Duke ntawm Alba, ib tug yees duab ntawm cov uas, ntawm chav kawm, me ntsis yog paub ib tug dog dig tus neeg, tab sis paub mus tej historian uas kawm cov ntawv sau txog ntawm muaj koob personalities, tuag nyob rau hauv Lisbon nyob rau hauv 11 lub hlis ntuj nqeg 1582. Fernando seem pauv mus rau Alba de Tormes, thiab raug faus nyob rau hauv lub monastery ntawm San Leonardo.