LSD - creator Albert Hofmann. LSD-25 xeem. Puas siab puas ntsws los thiab yuav tshwm ntawm kev siv cov LSD

Nyob rau hauv lub Swiss Alps, qhov twg cov huab cua yog siv lead ua ntshiab, nyob rau hauv zoo kawg silence, solitude thiab roob moj sab qhua nyob tawm nws lub xyoo, tus txiv neej, ua ntej tsim LSD.

Creator ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv kev sib tham nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm xibfwb Hofmann c thaum yau xav paub qhov xwm thiab cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem. Soj lam nroj tsuag, nws kos mloog mus rau lub psychoactive tshuaj uas tsim hallucinations visionary hom. Nws tseem ceeb invention ua tshaj 80 xyoo dhau los, nws tau ua nyob rau hauv 60 lub xyoos ntawm cov Western ntiaj teb no mus no psychedelic kiv puag ncig.

Hais txog tus neeg paub txog

Mayest xib fwb ntawm Science News for KIDS ntawm cov nkauj xwb zoo nkauj ntawm lub roob nyob rau hauv solitude, sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg nyob ze xwb nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib tug ntau zoo. Nyob rau hauv kuv tsev neeg, Albert Hoffman yog tus tsuas yog ib qho uas nyob mus txog rau xyoo no. Cov txiv neej laus laus ho tsis siv ib lub rooj sib hais kev pab, thiab tsis coj tsom iav. Txawm tias nws muaj hnub nyoog, nws hais kom meej meej, muaj ib tug ntse lub siab, twb yeej ib txwm ntxhi thiab zoo siab txais tos. Nws wealth pub npaj cozy tsev nrog ib tug ua luam dej pas dej ua ke, lawns thiab terraces.

Interestingly, lub tseem muaj sia nyob centenarians Albert Hofmann nws tus kheej coj LSD. Lub creator ntawm tshuaj pom zoo raws li ib qho nyuaj tshuaj, ua rau nws tsis tseg. Thiab lub sij hawm dhau lub irrepressible kawm nqos ib tug "txuj ci tseem ceeb ntsiav tshuaj" nyob rau hauv peb lub xyoos ua ntej nws tuag.

Lub chemist ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub zeem muag ntawm nws foundations, ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv lub XXI xyoo pua, nws creation yuav tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Nws ntseeg hais tias qhov tseeb Psychiatry, daws cov puzzle ntawm yog vim li cas, tas reclaims naieffektivneyshee yam khoom uas alters tib neeg nco qab, piv txwv li. E. LSD-25, tsim lawv.

Ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb paub dag txog Hofmann: hais tias, ib chemist nrhiav ib tug kho rau migraine, thiab tuaj nrog ib tug mob taub hau rau tag nrho cov ntawm tib neeg - ib tug hluavtaws nyuaj tshuaj. Txawm li cas los, muaj tsis muaj lub caij nyoog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ...

Swiss, nws kev tshawb fawb coj systematically

Nws los ua xav nyob rau hauv lub legendary psychedelic zog tau siv los ntawm medieval healers ergot. Yog li ntawd nws hu ua ib tug pwm, ib tug kab mob nyob rau hauv lub spikelets ntawm cereals. Lawv ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub synthesis chemist pom analog ergot yeeb tshuaj, ncaj qha rau lub paj hlwb.

Albert Hofmann pib nws kev tshawb fawb, raws li nyob rau hauv lub ua ntej lawm uas. Ua ntej nws, lub British zaum cais los ntawm ergot alkaloidosoderzhaschy tshuaj ergotoxine. Ib tug Rockefeller lub koom haum soj ntsuam tau zoo nyob rau hauv cais puag, cov tub ntxhais ntawm ergot alkaloids, hu rau nws lysergic acid.

Albert Hofmann pom tias ergotoxine muaj ntau yam alkaloids, thiab coj lawv ib tug los ntawm ib tug los tsim. Los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lysergic acid derivatives nrog ammonia (amines) tus paub txog nyob rau hauv 1938 godu successively los ua ke tej tshuaj. Nees nkaum-tsib alkaloid muab lysergic acid diethylamide. Nyob rau hauv German nws twb hu ua Lyserg-saure-diaethylamid los yog abbreviated - LSD. Chemist muab lub resulting cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv kuaj thiab coj li ntxiv cov kev tshawb fawb. Tau txiav txim los ntawm laboratory molecular mis LSD paub meej yam khoom uas yog soj ntsuam.

Hnov hais tias lawv thawj ua LSD-25 xeem yog hai, Hoffman ua tsib lub xyoos rau kev tshawb fawb dua. Txawm li cas los, qhov kawg theem ntawm lub synthesis, nws twb yuam kom nres nws kev. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog cov nyhuv uas cov alkaloid rau lub cev, ua rau cov hallucinations thiab xim dluab. Yuav zoo huv si mus kev zaum xav: Yuav yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog ib tug miserly nqi ntawm qhov teeb meem uas txuas mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm koj cov ntiv tes?

tsheb tuam hnub

Nws yog Plaub Hlis Ntuj 19, 1943.

Nws yog tus II lub ntiaj teb no. Cov teg num nyob rau hauv lub ntuj thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog nyob rau hauv cov huab cua sib ntaus sib tua tshaj Kuban kis mus rau cov Soviet pilots. Nyob rau hauv Warsaw, nyob rau hauv cov neeg Yudais ghetto neeg nce mus rau ib qho tsis zoo tib sib ntaus sib tua nrog rau cov SS executioners. American thiab British pab tub rog tiv thaiv rov qab nyob rau hauv Tunisia. Meanwhile, nyob rau hauv ib tug nruab nrab European lub teb chaws chemist Albert Hofmann ua qhov xyaum ua tej ntawm kev txaus siab kom deb li deb tsuas yog ob peb zaum.

Cov xib fwb piav txog tus pov thawj cov khoom amazing alkaloid nyob rau hauv nws memoirs. Nws yog lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj psychedelic thwmsim.

Kev tau txais 250 micrograms ntawm lawv tsim raws li lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Lub creator ntawm psychedelic tshuaj hnov tshwm sim ntawm kev ntxhov siab vim, nrig txog kev pom distortions, giddiness, qhia cov tsos mob ntawm tuag tes tuag taw.

Tej yam kev siv yeeb tshuaj maj tsub kom nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb. Puas siab puas ntsws los manifested nyob rau hauv cov hluav ntawm kev hais lus chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb. Assistant xibfwb muab sau nws tsis muaj peev xwm mus coherently formulate proposals.

Ces Hoffmann nrog lug txhawb cov miv mus tsev rau ib tug lub tsheb kauj vab. Tus kws kho mob xav hais tias nws yuav tsis txav, tab sis mus ncaj sai sai. Lwm cov experimenter ciali revived daim duab ntawm Salvador Dali: cov neeg taug kev, nws tsis paub tias txoj kev trembled thiab distorted li nyob rau hauv ib tug distorting daim iav, thiab lub tsev raws li nws tau deformed thiab dimpled.

Kev nyuaj siab, zoo siab

Mus txog xibfwb nug hais tias tus pab hu rau tus kws kho mob thiab mis los ntawm ib tug neeg nyob ze uas txiav txim siab yuav tsis muaj zog cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj. Los txog tus kws kho mob tsuas yog dilated cov menyuam kawm ntawv, tsis muaj lwm yam muaj sia tshwm sim ntawm tus ntawm LSD rau lub cev Hoffman pom. Meanwhile, lub hlwb los ntawm nrig txog kev pom fem supplemented experimenter coj cov mis nyuj poj niam tau tshwm los rau nws ib tug insidious phem dab nyob rau hauv ib tug luj lug dawb lias daim npog qhov ncauj.

Nws ciali mus nws hais tias nws tus kheej muaj los ntawm dab sib txawv, thiab revived cov rooj tog zaum ntawm nws lub tsev hem nws lub neej.

Ces, fem thiab ntxhov siab vim nyob rau hauv Hoffman dhau lawm. Lawv hloov los ntawm xim dluab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov intricate qwj thiab voj voog exploding nyob rau hauv dawb lias chaw. Txawm nrog kaw ob lub qhov muag tseem extraordinary visualization nyob rau hauv tus ntawm LSD. Creator ntawm cov tshuaj poob rau hauv ib blissful npau suav lub xeev. Waking, cov xibfwb muaj ib co qaug zog thiab pom ib qho interesting fact: thaum lub sij hawm tom ntej no hnub ntawm nws kev kov rhiab heev muaj ntau zog los ntawm ib tug txiav txim.

Tej yam nyob rau hauv lub psyche

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm synthesized tshuaj Hoffman heev unremarkable: hla kev saj thiab tsis hnov tsw ua rau nws pom. Siv ib tug magnifying khob nws yuav pom tias lub LSD tshuaj crystallizes raws li prisms. Ntawm no, tej zaum, thiab tag nrho.

Raws li yog lub npe hu, lub molecular mis LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) yog ib yam uas rau hauv daim ntawv C ₂₀ H ₂₅ N ₃ O.

Nws cim pharmacological zog cia ntawm negligible koob tshuaj ntxias haib thiab cov yeeb yuj nrig txog kev pom hallucinations. Cia peb piav qhia txog lub mechanism ntawm lawv tsim.

Nws coj ib tug active ib feem ntawm tus tib neeg lub hlwb systems uas txuam nrog rau assimilation ntawm "kev zoo siab lawm" (serotonin). Xeem ua nyob rau hauv lub hlwb li qhov yuav tsum tau nyob rau tib neeg nyuaj siab.

Nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv, lub 25 yog dej num raws li ib tug alkaloid Hoffman indolalkilamin, ib yam khoom uas zoo xws li cov serotonin. LSD -25, tau txais mus rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, "coj tsis ncaj" cov uas tsim nyog receptors nyob rau hauv lub hlwb, noj invention Hoffman rau nws tus kheej "zoo siab lawm". Nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm neuroscientists, muaj ib tug stimulating tus ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub hlwb nqi zog system (receptors Library pab kom txawm peem rau txoj kev nyuaj siab).

Cov tsis tau tejyam raws li txoj cai ntawm cov tshuaj

Zaum ntawm Zurich University tau kawm lub zog ntawm cov thawj Hoffman tsim alkaloid. Raws li nws muab tawm los, nws muaj ib tug tsis tshua tsawg toxicity, t. E. txiv neej yuav luag yuav tsis tuag los ntawm overdose. (Cov yav tas yog paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm niaj hnub statistics: nws lub neej ntawm xws li mob twb tsis tsau rau 70 xyoo). Tej yam zaum tuag koob tshuaj LSD yog cia li chaw, nws yog pua pua ntawm lub sij hawm ntau dua li ib txwm.

Nws tau txiav txim hais tias cov nyhuv rau lub cev LSD extends ntawm 1/3 mus rau ib nrab ib hnub twg. Tom qab peb hnub tom qab tau txais cov ntaub ntawv uas nws yog kiag li tas los rau ntawm lub cev, thiab nws muaj yog tsis kuaj ib co kua nplaum.

Cov soj ntsuam ntawm pom: lub zog tshuaj tsis yog hom neeg mus rau nws, thiab twb tsis muaj ntxim rau nws noj qab haus huv. Nws kuj tsis ntxias insanity.

Nyob rau hauv view ntawm cov saum no, rau ze li ntawm ob xyoo lawm (txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub 60s) LSD twb tsis txwv. Nyob rau hauv lub 60 xyoo, zaum tau sim nrog nws pab kho alcoholism, mob kev nyuaj siab. Rau lub hom phiaj no peb siv cov alkaloid vaj tse - evoke haib kev xav tshua zoo xws li cov catharsis.

LSD nyob rau hauv lub USSR

Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union acids boom tuaj nrog cov restructuring. Cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj no muaj tej qhov ob cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub artistic Bohemia: Barry Alebasov thiab Boris Grebenshchikov. Heev los ntawm lub caij tus thawj coj ntawm cov pab pawg neeg "Thoob dej yug ntses" tsim ntsees psychedelic song "Nyob rau hauv lub ntuj xiav ib tug Golden nroog ..." mloog nws muaj feem xyuam rau cov yeeb yuj kis dluab nyob rau hauv nws.

Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib tham nrog lub grandees ntawm pop hais txog lub zeem muag ntawm cov dawb lias rings thiab qwj. Lawv yuav paub tseeb tias yog nyob rau hauv tus ntawm LSD, tej zaum yuav, tsis muaj noticing tsheb, calmly hla lub tibneeg hu tauj coob txoj kev.

Ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas lub qub tsim ntawm "Na-Na" piav qhia txog nws txoj kev xav: "Lub ntiajteb txawj nqus disappears, cov neeg ploj, disappearing khoom, thiab cov neeg yuav yooj yim mus tawm lub qhov rais ntawm ib tug multistory tsev, ntseeg hais tias nws yuav ya."

Txij li thaum LSD ua thwmsim thiab Soviet chemists uas tsis advertised. Hlwb Vladimir Pshizov hais txog lawv laj mej pej xeem. Nyob rau hauv lub 60 xyoo ntawm nws lug txhawb cov miv tsis disdain tib neeg kws. Nws colleague (peb tsis hais lub npe) coj ib tug txhaj ntawm LSD rau ob pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg mob, uas los ntawm lub sim psychosis worsened. Cov khoom li tau yog lub npe rau nws dissertation.

Taboo rau LSD

Los ntawm kawg ntawm tus 60s lub US tsoom fwv thiab ces lwm lub teb chaws tau yuam ib tug txiav npluav on tej kev siv ntawm cov nees nkaum-tsib alkaloid Hoffman: kho mob, kev ua si, sab ntsuj plig. Lysergic acid (LSD) tau ua kev txaus ntshai vim hais tias ntawm zam rau nws.

Nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm lub Beatles «ib tug txiaj ntsim ntawm Hoffman" sim rau koj tus kheej txog ob lab Americans, nws tau los ua cov feem ntau cov muaj teeb meem quav tshuaj yeeb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Qhov loj tshaj plaws producers ntawm LSD, Americans Picard thiab Eperson muab ib tug tag nrho pab tub rog ntawm Hippies. Tom qab lawv qaug dab peg thiab confiscation ntawm lub turnover ntawm cov tshuaj cov khoom tsis yeem los ntawm 90% nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Nyob rau hauv lub 60 xyoo lub ntsiab txhawb LSD los ua ib tug Harvard psychology xibfwb Timoti Liri.

Followers hu ua nws "tus pov thawj hlob." Nws yog tiag tiag charismatic neeg. Xib Fwb entertained "cov neeg tseem ceeb" cov tub ntxhais kawm tshuaj tsis muaj thawj qhia rau lawv txog nws. Nws tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm Harvard nrog ib tug scandal, tab sis lub Hippies sawv nkuav rau nws, xav tias martyr. Timoti Liri los ua ib zag neeg: nws pheej puas tau raug ntes, nws tau khiav.

Qhov kawg ntawm lub neej ntawm "High Pov Thawj", unwittingly, nws ua lub feem ntau haib anti-advertising lysergic acid. Timoti Liri ua yus tua yus nyob, bequeathing rau nws "muab txiav tawm lub taub hau nrog rau lub hlwb, corroded nrog LSD." Nws yog ib qho eerie pom tshwm sim los kaum ntawm lab ntawm cov neeg lub qias neeg thiab tsis ntawm cov tshuaj.

tooj mus rau kev txwv tsis pub

Tom qab kaum xyoo tom qab lub boom ntawm lub 60 tus LSD ua lag luam poob los ntawm kaum lub sij hawm. Txawm li cas los, cov "kub khoom" yog lysergic acid, thiab nyob rau hauv peb hnub. Nws yog muag nyob rau hauv me me koob tshuaj (75 rau 250 mg) nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntaub ntawv:

• "Hom" los yog "so" (daim ntawv impregnated nrog LSD tshuaj);
• gelatin nplooj;
• gel (ntaub ntawv rau daim tawv nqaij);
• ntsiav tshuaj.

Nws yog tsis tshua muaj txaus ntshai rau noj cov tshuaj yam tsis tau paub txog nws cov khoom.

Cov tshuaj cov neeg siv txais mus ua nws nyob rau hauv ib tug "sitter" haiv neeg - ib tug txiv neej uas phem nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev nco thiab kev kho behavior've kuj hais hnub tim 25 alkaloid Hoffman.

Celebrities thiab LSD

Nyob rau hauv hnub no lub koom txoos yog tsis muaj uniform yam ntxwv rau Swiss invention. Los ntawm UFW psychedelic zem: "Yog hais tias muaj yog tsis muaj yees, dab tsi yog cov tshuaj no" Dhau li - muaj yog nws siv raws li ib tug doping txawj ntse (piv txwv ntawm no peb twb hais).

Nws sib cav hais tias lysergic acid (LSD) yog ib tug yeeb tshuaj tsis tau, tiam sis tsuas yog yam raug cai. (Qhov no fact ruaj lub UN Convention ntawm 1971).

Advocated rau lub legalization ntawm tsis tsuas yog tiv thaiv kom txhob yog vim li cas Timoti Liri, nws qhuas ob tug Nobel laureates thiab ob gurus ntawm computer hardware thiab software.

Nws yog Francis Crick thiab Kary Mullis, raws li zoo raws li Bill rooj vag thiab Steve Cov hauj lwm. Ntxiv mus, raws li mus rau yav tas, xyaum nrog LSD nyob rau hauv nws lub neej "yog ib tug ntawm peb cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tej yam."

xaus

Lub apologists ntawm lub substance cunning. Nws yog zoo dua mus mloog peb cov kwv tij pej xeem uas muaj tej yam mob loj heev tshuaj LSD rau nws tus kheej. Dab tsi ua lawv hais li cas?

Raws li lawv, kaj duab thiab enjoyed daj ua ntej qhov tseeb hais tias ib tug yeeb tshuaj addict rau ib ntev lub sij hawm "ua ib tug zaub," ntog tawm ntawm lub suab ntawm lub neej, "nws ntog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm."

Thaum nws tsim thaum tom qab hnub Friday koob tshuaj, ces ob hnub calibration dhau, thiab nyob rau hauv lub mev - nyob rau hnub Monday. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ntawm chav kawm, tsis muaj lo lus nug tsis tau nyob rau hauv kev puas hlwb kev noj qab nyob. Qhov yuav tshwm ntawm kev siv yeeb tshuaj siv yog dire: neeg nrhiav lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug puas siab puas ntsws hauv tsev kho mob.

Nws yuav tsum mloog laconic ceeb toom, yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntau qhov txheeb xyuas ntawm yav tas los quav khub pej xeem: "LSD theem lub hlwb!".