Kwm pawg thiab lawv hom. Phau ntawv raws li ib tug lus qeb. Language pawg thiab teeb meem ntawm lub lus categorization

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb xav txog qhov yooj yim cov lus no, muab piv txwv. Koj yuav kawm tau hais tias nyob rau hauv kev kawm yam lus tseem ceeb ntau yam koom haum ua teb, uas yuav tsum tau txwv kom muab zais nyob rau hauv ib los yog lwm chav tsev.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug qeb

Tus heev tswvyim ntawm "qeb" twb xub tsim los ntawm Aristotle. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws tib leeg xwb lub 10 pawg. Ntawm no lawv yog: enduring, txiav txim, raws li txoj cai, txoj hauj lwm, lub sij hawm, qhov chaw, tus cwj pwm, zoo, kom muaj nuj nqis, cov xwm. Nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, lawv feem nyob rau qee ntawm lub tom ntej cov lus nug ntawm cov ntau yam predicates, predicates ntawm cov kab lus thiab qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus.

conceptual qeb

Ua ntej xav tias cov lus no thiab tej teeb meem ntawm lus categorization, nws yog tsim nyog los hais cov sij hawm no. Nyob rau hauv nws feem ntau yog hais txog ib yam ntawm cov kaw system ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm semantic universal yam ntxwv los yog ib tug kev muaj nuj nqis ntawm no attribute yog lwm yam kev mus rau ib tug txoj kev qhia ( "qhia tau meej heev" los yog "thaum") thiab cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm grammaticalization nyob rau hauv ib tug muab lus. Piv txwv li, peb yuav tham txog lub xub ntiag ntawm lub nram qab no conceptual pawg :. Alienability / inalienability, kev ua / ntseeg lawm xwb, ua rau, qhov chaw, cov hom phiaj, thiab lwm yam Nyob rau hauv lug, muaj lexical-semantic lus pawg. Hauv qab no lawv yog meant cov chav kawm ntawv xws li lub teb chaws npe, hauj lwm, thiab lwm yam nyob beings. Yog hais tias derivational formal qhia tau txais categorical SEMA, lus pawg raug xa mus rau raws li lo lus-tsim. Piv txwv li: tus tsiaj lub npe (pancake-chik, haus luam yeeb-ok, lub tsev-IR), ib tug thawj coj npe (khiav-un, lub LEEJ TWG-chik, qhia-Tel).

Kwm qeb nyob rau hauv lub sab thiab nqaim kev txiav txim zoo

Language qeb - thaum lawv tseem hais tias yuav tau saib raws li ib tug sab thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug nqaim kev txiav txim zoo. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thawj yog tej pab pawg neeg ntawm cov ntsiab uas yog faib raws li nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntiag tug. Nyob rau hauv lub vos kev txiav txim zoo ntawm cov lus no - yog tej yam tsis (cwj pwm), lwm muab faib rau ntawm homogeneous units ntawm ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm disjoint kawm ntawv. Lawv cov tswv cuab yog yus los ntawm ib tug tej yam muaj nuj nqis ntawm ib tug kev zoo losis phem. Piv txwv :. Qeb hom, cov ntaub ntawv, animate / tswg, voicelessness / voicing etc. Feem ntau, txawm li cas los, qhov no lub sij hawm qhia ib tug ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no parameter (feature). Piv txwv: qeb inanimateness, accusative xeev voicelessness cog lus rau daim ntawv.

Hom ntawm pawg raws li ntau yam qauv

Nyob ntawm seb uas cim muaj ib tug coj kos npe rau thiab stands rau nws ib tug ntau, raws li zoo raws li nws cov kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub muab faib rau ntawm lub chav kawm ntawv, peb yuav paub qhov txawv ntau hom ntawm pawg. Txheej yuav tsum yog los ntawm phonemes, uas yog homogeneous units. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov txawv txawv phonological lus pawg. Qhov no, piv txwv li, qho uas txawv ntawm voicelessness / sonority. Lwm cov piv txwv - cov qeb ntawm nres consonants. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub differential phonetic kev faib no yog ua nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no.

Teem lub tawn mus rau hauv pawg, nws yuav tsum yog los ntawm ob sab sib dho kev sib sau. Feem ntau cov no yog cov tswv yim, cov nqe lus thiab cov lus. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub faib lo lus tsim, lexical-semantic, syntactic, grammatical thiab lwm yam pawg. Raws li ib tug semantic los yog syntactic nta siv cais. Nws yuav ua tau raws li ib tug zoo syntactic, semantic, thiab obschekategorialnym (lo lus no yog feem ntau to taub raws li "xa mus rau qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus").

Classifying thiab modifying cwj pwm

Sawv thiab lwm nta. Nrog kev hwm rau cov chav kawm yog muab faib mus rau hauv partitions raws qhov (xim, ib) thiab modifying (flexion, thiab differential). Yam ntxwv rau tej lub khoom tshiab thaum nws sau raws nkaus Ii ib tug keeb ntawm ib co lwm yam muab faib chav kawm ntawv uas txawv los ntawm nws tsuas los ntawm tus nqi ntawm no feature. Qhov no txheem yog raug xa mus rau raws li txoj kev. Yog hais tias qhov no yog tsis pom, rau cov coj lub caij yog ib tug kos npe rau ntawm lub raws qhov yog. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv twg, peb yuav tham txog ib co ntawm cov ntau ntau yam ntawm cov chav nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev hloov? Wb teb rau lo lus nug no. Ces, thaum lub ntsiab txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam xwb los qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ib tug modifying feature. Raws li rau classifying, nws cov nqi yog ib tug tsis tu ncua, tsau mus rau lub chav tsev.

Modifying thiab classifying pawg

Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab ntawm ib tug kos npe rau modifier. Ces rau hauv qeb raws li ib tug tag nrho tseem hu ua modifier. Piv txwv li, nws yog inflected (inflectional) qeb. Cov no muaj xws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg tuag thiab ib tus, cov ntaub ntawv, xov tooj, cov tub los ntxhais chaw, inclination, lub sij hawm, ib tug neeg, xov tooj yug qhia txog kev ua. Yog hais tias ib tug txaus tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntsiab ntawm cov categorical attribute yog classifying, ces thiaj li yuav tsum yog tib yam qeb raws li ib tug tag nrho. Piv txwv li, nws yog ib lub lexical-semantic theem. Piv txwv: animateness genus qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus thiab tus transitivity / intransitive, nominal qhia txog kev ua chav kawm ntawv, thiab lwm yam ...

"Cov kev cai" thiab "kev zam"

Ces dab tsi hom yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi yog qeb, nyob ntawm seb dab tsi faib ntawm hom lus units yog Ameslikas, thiab dab tsi yog qhov "txoj cai" rau ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv, thiab yog dab tsi yuav tsum hu ua "kev zam." Piv txwv li, nws yuav lam xav tias nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus rau ib co chav kawm ntawv ntawm verbs qeb hom inflection (modifier), thiab rau ib co ntawm nws cov chav kawm - derivational (txwv kom muab zais). Los yog koj muaj peev xwm coj ib tug ntawm cov kev txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau ib tug tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm lus tokens. Nco ntsoov tias tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Philology.

pawg muaj

Kawm uas twb muaj lawm syntax paradigmatic kev sib raug zoo, muaj ntau yam kev soj ntsuam siv lub tswvyim ntawm "tham thiab grammatical pawg" los yog "nrhiav tswv yim". Hauv qab no lawv yog meant semantic yus nta ntawm tej kab lus (syntax modality, kev pom zoo / tsis kam muab, tseleustanovka nqe lus). Tsawg zaus nws tej zaum yuav ib tug neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cwj pwm cov ntaub ntawv (e.g., negation ntawm qeb). Ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm, nyob rau hauv particular, N. Y. Shvedova, muaj ib tug txawv tswvyim. Lawv sib tham txog frazoizmenitelnyh pawg. Nws muaj lwm yam tswv yim.

grammatical qeb

Grammatical lus pawg thiab hom yog cov feem ntau tshawb nrhiav thiab qhov tseem ceeb. Lawv cov yam ntxwv nta - modifying feature hom, coj raws li ib lub hauv paus, kom nws koom tes nyob rau hauv lub syntax, cov xub ntiag ntawm lub ncua sijhawm nyob rau hauv uas nws yog qhia, raws li zoo raws li "bound" mus xaiv (lo lus) ntaub ntawv teej tug mus rau ib tug muab teeb, ib qho ntawm nws qhov tseem ceeb. Grammatical pawg yog kaw tshuab ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, nrog kom. Lawv nug ib tug muab faib mus rau hauv disjoint cov chav kawm ntawv uas nws kim heev txheej ntawm lo lus cov ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, xws grammatical lub ntsiab lus raws li lub zoo tshaj los yog ntau tshaj ib daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev paub rau hauv qeb tooj.

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov ntawv

Ua ntej peb xav txog cov lus qeb ntawv nyeem, txhais tau tus yuam sij tswvyim. Phau ntawv - raznoaspektnogo ib tug kwv ntawm txoj kev tshawb nyob rau hauv lug, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem kom deb li deb cov tswvyim no yog txhais txawv. Muaj kuj yog tsis muaj feem ntau txais txhais. Yog li ntawd, peb xav txog tej yam uas yog lub feem ntau.

Phau ntawv nyob rau hauv general yus raws li ib tug cov khoom ntawm kev tib neeg kev ua ub no (rechemyslitelnoj). Cov yav tas yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm indirect thiab ncaj qha kev sib txuas lus, thiab nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tus txiv neej txoj kev paub ntawm kev muaj tiag.

Phau ntawv raws li ib tug lus qeb

Chav tsim yam (yam ntxwv Cheebtsam) tau deployed nyob rau hauv ib kab lus los sis pab pawg neeg. Tswv yim txog (texteme lus, kab lus, kab lus) yog lub ntsiab keeb ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Nws yog to taub thiab ntaus nqi raws li txuam nrog lwm yam kev. Hais tias yog, nws yog ib feem ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov. Muab - nws qis tshaj tham unit.

SCC (SFU)

Cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem , ua ke nrog rau cov proposals tej zaum ua ke rau hauv pab pawg, txawv kev soj ntsuam muaj ntau lub npe. V. A. Buhbinder, piv txwv li, yog hais txog mus rau lawv ntaus uake thiab phrasal phrasal unities. Complex syntactical tag nrho (SCC) ntseeg hais tias lawv NS Pospelov, A. P. Peshkovsky, S. G. Ilenko, L. M. Loseva. Microtext (SFU) hu lawv TM Nikolaeva, OI Moskalskaya, I. R. Galperin. Boznacheniya rau ib yam proposals nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov feem ntau siv SFU thiab SCC. Qhov no yog ib tug heev yam ntxwv kev sib sau, uas muaj xws li ntawm tsawg kawg yog ob tug cais proposals, uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus teb kev to taub tau hais lus semantic sam xeeb, raws li tau zoo raws li txoj cai raws li ib feem ntawm tag nrho kev sib txuas lus.

Dawb thiab muaj zog tswv yim

Nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, tsis yog txhua txhua proposals yog grouped ua ke. Faib thiab dawb lub, uas yog tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lawv, tab sis semantically muaj feem xyuam rau ib los yog lwm pab pawg neeg. Nws muaj comments, sau tawm. Tej proposals yog cov kev txuas ntawm cov SSC, yog cov txhais tau tias los ntawm uas xaiv lub tshiab mikrotema.

Ib txhia soj ntsuam ntawm muaj tseem cais ib tug muaj zog lub tswv yim ntawv nyeem. Lawv yuav tsum to taub tsis paub txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm lwm tus neeg. Tej proposals nyob rau hauv lub SSC tsis tau sau.

Kev sib txuas lus chav nyob thiab loj units

Yuav ua li cas lwm pawg peev xwm yuav txawv lus ntawv nyeem? Group proposals ua ke nyob rau hauv blocks txawm loj ib feem. Lawv hu ua nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb los yog tawg tsam los yog predicative-txheeb ze ceg. Lwm lub npe - kev sib txuas blocks.

Koom haum ua teb muaj txawm loj. Lawv txuas lus nrog cov ntawv nram qab no feem: lub taub hau, ib feem ntawm cov pawg lus, lub pawg lus.

Yog li, proposals thiab lawv pab pawg - lub ntsiab kev sib txuas lus hais hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Tag nrho cov so yog nqa tawm raws li ib tug txoj cai, ntawv-txoj kev muaj nuj nqi. Lawv feem ntau yog interphase kev sib txuas lus. Peb muab lub ntsiab txhais, thiab qhov no notion.

Cov interfacial daim ntawv cog lus

Nws nruab nrab yog ib qhov txuas ntawm lub SCC, cov tswv yim, tshooj, paragraphs, thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, uas npaaj nws yam ntxwv thiab semantic kev sib sau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub semantic kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus neeg proposals yog muab los ntawm lexical thiab grammatical txhais tau tias. Nws yog feem ntau ib tug thaum uas tig mus los yog tej saw mus. Cov yav tas yog pom tau hais los ntawm rov qab ua dua lub xeem ib feem ntawm cov kab lus nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv los yog lwm, nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej txiag ntawm ib feem ntawm nws cov qauv. Thov rau thaum uas tig mus kev twb kev txuas tsis koom, thiab yog muab piv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov lug sib tshooj los yog juxtaposition tso cai cov kev sib piv, nyob ntawm seb lub duas paub lexical cov ntsiab lus.

Txhais tau tias kev siv ntawm cov ntau hom kev sib txuas lus

Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov lus pab yog siv txhua yam ntawm hom kev sib txuas lus. Piv txwv li, rau ib tug compound ntawm tus hais siv phau ntawv koom haum ua teb, cov tswv yim hais lus thiab lwm tus neeg. Rau qhov kev siv ntawm lub saw txuas ntawm proposals SSC yog siv interchangeably, syntactic repetitions, kev hais lus nrog spatial thiab sab nqaij daim tawv nqi, tej lus thiab lwm tus neeg. Nrog rau kev hwm rau thaum uas tig mus kev twb kev txuas, siv kom tsim nyog parallelism nyob rau hauv constructing ua ke. Nws yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov kev siv verbs nrog ib tug ntau lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, anaphoric ntsiab ntawm qhov kev txiav txim, thiab hais txog. D.

Kwm pawg creolized ntawv

Lawv tsiag ntawv los ntawm tib lub pawg raws li rau qhov thiaj li hu ua classical homogeneous lus phau ntawv. Nws yog tsim nyog los qhia ntxiv txog lub tswvyim ntawm "creolization". Nws yog ib tug ua ke ntawm ntau yam txhais tau tias ntawm kos npe rau systems nyob rau hauv lub complex, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm tekstuarnosti mob. Visual Cheebtsam yog cov txhais tau tias los ntawm uas tus creolization ntawm lus phau ntawv. Lawv muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem rau lawv cov kev txhais lus thiab rau tag nrho cov teeb meem txog kev muaj feem xyuam rau cov tsim ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, uas cuam tshuam rau lawv cov ntsiab lus. Sawv tawm ntawm lawv yog cov nram qab no: cov xim tom qab thiab font ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, txhais tau tias cov cim, sau raug, lo lus tsim, nraaj tsim (nyob rau hauv ib kem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm daim duab), sau iconic cim (ideograms, pictograms) thiab lwm tus neeg.

Cov ntawv nyeem yog li ib tug tej yam qauv, qhov twg qhov chaw thiab ib tug neeg proposals sib thooj. Kwm thiab cov zajlus kom yam - ib lub npe uas yuav qhia ib tug ntev heev lub sij hawm. Peb twb sim mus rau ntsiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj uas koj yuav tsum paub txhua txhua philologist.