Khoom cua fibers. Synthetic Polyamide fiber

Khoom cua fibers pib yuav tsum tau ua industrially ua nyob rau hauv 1938. Thaum lub caij, uas muaj twb tau ob peb lub kaum os hom. Rau tag nrho cov neeg uas lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yog hais tias lub starting khoom muaj tsawg tsawg molecular yuag tebchaw tig mus rau hauv polymers los ntawm tshuaj synthesis. Dissolving los yog melting lub polymers tau npaj yog nqa tawm ntawm lub molding los yog spinning tshuaj. Lawv yog ua los ntawm cov kua los yog yaj, thiab xwb ces lawv yuav raug rau tag.

hom

Nyob ntawm seb cov yam ntxwv uas characterize cov qauv ntawm cov macromolecules, hluavtaws fibers no feem ntau yog muab faib ua hetero thiab cov pa roj carbon saw. Cov yav tas los xws li cov muab tau los ntawm polymers uas nws macromolecules lwm tshaj carbon, thiab lwm yam hais yog tam sim no - nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen thiab lwm tus neeg. Cov no muaj xws polyester, polyurethane, Polyamide thiab Polyurea. Carbochain hluavtaws fibers yog yus nyob rau hauv uas lawv lub ntsiab saw ua ntawm carbon atoms. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li polyvinyl tshuaj dawb, polyacrylonitrile, polyolefin, polyvinyl cawv, thiab fluorine-muaj.

Polymers pab raws li lub hauv paus rau kev npaj ntawm hetero-fibers tau los ntawm lub polycondensation thiab cov khoom yog molded los ntawm cov yaj. Carbochain tau los ntawm cov saw polymerization thiab tsim yog feem ntau los ntawm kev daws teeb meem, nyob rau hauv uas tsis tshua muaj mob, los ntawm cov yaj. Koj yuav saib tau ib co ib tug hluavtaws Polyamide fiber, uas hu ua siblon.

Tsim thiab Thov

Ib lo lus zoo li siblon rau ntau yog ib tug ua kom tiav cov Hmoob, tab sis ua ntej lawm rau ntawm daim ntawv tabs khaub ncaws yuav tau pom lub acronym BBM, revealing viscose siab modulus fibers. Ces tus producers xav tias qhov no title yuav zoo nicer tshaj siblon uas yuav tsum tau txuam nrog nylon thiab Caproni. Qhuav ntawm no hom ntawm cov khoom cua fibers yog los ntawm cov ntoo, raws li yog hais tias nws tsis tau saib incredibly.

nta

Siblon nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 70-ies ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Nws yog ib qho paub rayon. Nyob rau hauv thawj kauj ruam, qhov kev npaj ntawm ntoo sis plawv hniav, nws yog cais rau hauv dawb huv daim ntawv. Qhov loj tshaj tus xov tooj yog muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov paj rwb - txog 98%, tab sis vim yog lub paj rwb fibers, thiab tsis muaj qhov no ua rau zoo heev thread. Yog li ntawd, lub cav ntoo yog siv los tsim sis plawv hniav, nyob rau hauv particular softwood, nyob rau nws muaj 40-50%, thiab tus so - yog ruaj Cheebtsam. Lawv yuav tsum tau tshem ntawm nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov hluavtaws fibers.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim

Khoom cua fibers yog ua nyob rau hauv theem. Thaum tus thawj theem lub brewing txheej txheem, thaum lub sij hawm uas tus ntoo chips ntawm tag nrho cov superfluous khoom pauv mus rau qhov kev daws, thiab kuj ua ib tug rhuav tshem ntawm ntev polymer saw hlau uas khi cais tawg tsam. Lawm, muaj yog tsis tsuas cov nqi ntawm cov dej kub, ntau yam additives ua reagents: Dej qab zib thiab lwm cov neeg. Tsuas yog ua noj ua haus nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm sulfates muab ib sis plawv hniav uas yog haum rau zus tau tej siblona, txij li thaum nws muaj tsawg impurities.

Thaum lub sis plawv hniav yog twb nqis, nws yog xa mus rau tshuaj dawb tso, kom qhuav thiab nias, thiab ces txav mus rau qhov chaw uas koj xav tau nws - yog zus tau tej cov ntawv, cellophane, cov duab los qhia thiab fiber, uas yog lub ntsiab ntau lawm. Yuav ua li cas tom ntej no yuav tshwm sim rau nws?

aftertreatment

Yog hais tias yuav tsum tau mus nrhiav tau cov khoom cua thiab tej yam ntuj tso fibers yog thawj tsim nyog los npaj ib tug spinning tshuaj. Cellulose yog ib tug khoom uas yog nyuaj rau yaj. Yog li ntawd, nws yog feem ntau hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug dej-soluble ether ditiougolnoy acid. Tus txheej txheem ntawm transformation mus rau hauv ib yam khoom uas yog heev lengthy. Thawj lub kub alkali cellulose, ua raws li los ntawm ib tug lub cev qhuav dej kev kho mob, nyob rau hauv ib tug tov thaum tsiv ruaj ntsiab. Tom qab spinning loj yog crushed thiab ces muab tso rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb chamber qhov twg predsozrevanie pib - yog ib cov roj shortening ntawm lub cellulose molecules los ntawm yuav luag ib nrab vim oxidative degradation. Tom ntej no muaj ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm alkali cellulose nrog carbon disulfide los muab xanthate. Qhov no loj ntawm cov txiv kab ntxwv-zoo li khob noom cookie ditiougolnoy acid ester pib khoom. Cov tshuaj no rau nws cov viscosity yog hu ua "viscose".

Tom ntej no los lub pom kom tshem tawm cov xeem impurities. Yaj cua tawm los ntawm lub "effervescence" ether nyob rau hauv vacuo. Tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm ua rau lub fact tias cov xanthate ua zoo li ib tug hluas zib ntab - daj thiab stringy. Nyob rau hauv no spinning tshuaj yog npaj txhij.

muab fibers

Cov tshuaj twb extruded los ntawm lub spinneret. Dag hluavtaws fibers tsis txhob cia li spun nyob rau hauv cov tsoos txoj kev. Qhov no lub lag luam yog yooj yim los sib piv nrog ib tug yooj yim textile yuav muaj tseeb hais tias nws yog ib yam tshuaj cov txheej txheem uas tso cai rau tsheej lab ntawm cov kwj ntawm cov kua viscose fibers ua khoom. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ib ncig ntawm viscose sis plawv hniav tau thiab siblon. Qhov thib ob hom fiber ntau thiab ib tug ib nrab sij hawm muaj zog tshaj ib tug thawj, yog yus muaj los ntawm ntau dua kuj mus alkalis, ntaub so ntswg txawv therefrom hygroscopicity qis degree ntawm shrinkage thiab crease. Thiab qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm zus tau tej cov viscose thiab siblona tshwm nyob rau ntawm ib lub sij hawm thaum lub coagulation da dej tom qab lub hnub yog cia li "cov neeg" hluavtaws fibers.

Science News for KIDS pab

Rau viscose rau hauv ib tug da dej uas muaj cov sulfuric acid. Nws yog npaj rau decomposition ntawm ether, uas ib tug dawb huv cellulose fibers. Yog hais tias tsim nyog los tau siblona da dej twb ntxiv zinc sulfate, cov hydrolyzed ester ntawm kev muab ib qho chaw khuam siab, yog li lub filaments yuav muaj residual xanthate. Yog li ntawd dab tsi yuav qhia? Lub fibers tau ces raug kev ncab thiab txoj kev ua. Thaum polymeric fibers yog qhov seem ntawm xanthate tau rub polymeric cellulose chains raws fiber axis, es muab rau lawv cia li, raws li yog raug rau cov pa viscose. Tom qab kos cab ntawm fibers yog txiav mus rau hauv shpatelki 2-10 millimeters nyob rau hauv ntev. Tom qab ib tug ob peb ntau cov txheej txheem nqa tawm nias lub fibers rau hauv bales. Tonnes ntoo txaus kom tau 500 kg ntawm sis plawv hniav, uas yog ua los ntawm 400 kg siblona fibers. cellulose spinning yog nqa tawm txog ob hnub.

Yuav ua li cas nrog siblonom?

Nyob rau hauv lub eighties, cov hluavtaws fibers yog siv raws li additives rau paj rwb mus xov spun zoo thiab tsis nraus. Los ntawm siblona ua substrate nyob rau hauv lub dag daim tawv nqaij, thiab nws siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua asbestos. Ces tus engineers twb tsis xav nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm ib yam dab tsi tshiab, yuav tsum tau ntau npaum li fiber li sai tau rau realization.

Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob ntawm ib lub sij hawm siab modulus viscose rayon fibers siv los tsim fabrics uas txawv nyob rau hauv lub dag lub zog thiab cheapness piv nrog paj rwb, tab sis zoo absorbed dej thiab ua pa. Tam sim no Russia tsis nyob twj ywm hauv lub vaj tse ntawm lub paj rwb cheeb tsam, yog li siblon kev cia siab. Tsuas yog qhov kev thov rau nws tseem tsis tau loj heev, thiaj li fabrics thiab khaub ncaws domestic ntau lawm yog tam sim no yuav luag tsis muaj ib tug yog muas.

polymer fibers

Lawv feem ntau yog muab faib ua tej yam ntuj tso, hluavtaws thiab dag. Ntuj fibers yog cov uas tau tsim yog ua nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso tej yam kev mob. Lawv feem ntau yog txwv kom muab zais los ntawm keeb kwm, uas txiav txim lawv tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm cov tsiaj thiab zaub. Tus thawj muaj protein, namely carotene. Qhov no txhob lo lo ntxhuav thiab wool. Cov yav tas muaj xws li cellulose, hemicellulose thiab lignin.

Dag hluavtaws fibers yog tau los ntawm tshuaj ua ntawm polymers uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Lawv lees txais rau acetate, rayon, alginate thiab protein fibers. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv raw rau lawv npaj yog kraft los yog sulfite ntoo sis plawv hniav. Tso hluavtaws fibers manufactured nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov mos mos thiab cables, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov staple fiber uas yog ua ua ke nrog rau lwm cov fibers thaum lub sij hawm tsim txoj kev ntawm ntau yam ntaub.

Synthetic Polyamide fiber tau los ntawm polymers muab artificially. Lub feedstock siv nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txheej txheem lub polymeric fibers tsim los ntawm saj zawg zog linear macromolecules los yog me ntsis branched lug muaj ntau yam pauv loj loj - ntau tshaj 15,000 amu thiab ib tug heev nqaim molecular yuag tis. Nyob ntawm seb lub hom ntawm cov khoom cua fibers yuav muaj ib tug high degree ntawm lub dag lub zog, ib tug tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqis txheeb ze mus rau lub elongation, elasticity, kuj mus rau ntau yam loads, me me residual deformation thiab ceev ceev rov qab tom qab tshem tawm ntawm lub load. Uas yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub kev siv nyob rau hauv textiles lawv tau raug siv tau raws li ib tug txhawb caij nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua composites, thiab nws tag nrho coj mus rau lub tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom cua fibers.

xaus

Nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm ob peb xyoos, ib tug yuav soj ntsuam ib tug heev khov kho nce nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov kev kho tshiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab polymeric fibers, tshwj xeeb yog para-aramid, polyethylene, Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant, puas, uas nws qauv - ib tug tseem ceeb-plhaub heterocyclic polymers, uas muaj xws li ntau yam hais, piv txwv li, nyiaj los yog lwm yam hlau. Tam sim no ntaub lis loos khoom - qhov no yog tsis ib sab saum toj engineering, li tam sim no muaj ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshiab fibers.