Keeb kwm ntawm Poland - peb kawm peb tsis tau kawm?

Tam sim no - tom qab ob peb puas xyoo - thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum tom ntej tsawg kawg yog yav dhau los Russia thiab Poland yuav xav li cas rau peb kev sib raug zoo. Polish keeb kwm yog imbued nrog lub Polish-Lavxias teb sab kev tsis sib haum, kev tsov kev rog, ideological sib txawv. Peb seem ntawm lub tebchaws no, muab 123 xyoo ntawm enslavement.
Thiab lub keeb kwm ntawm Poland yog zoo kev cob cog rua nrog lub tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej.

Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub anti-Lavxias teb sab uprising nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1862 tuaj ntxiv cov txheej txheem ntawm Russification ntawm lub Polish pawg neeg thaj av thiab kev koom ua ke ntawm lub Kingdom ntawm Poland. Polish tsev mus nyob qhovtwg li, yuav raug forcibly St. Petersburg thawj coj. Decree 1865 raws li ib tug thawj tswj cov tswvcuab lub Lavxias teb sab lus, peb lub xyoos tom qab, ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib cov nyiaj tau raug tsim, lub hauv paus tseem fwv, thiab lub teb chaws yog muab faib ua 10 lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv 1876, Lavxias teb sab-style rebuilt judiciary thiab liquidated Polish Bank kaum xyoo tom qab ntawd. Cov hauj lwm hom lus nyob rau hauv lub tsev thiab lub tsev hais plaub los ua Lavxias teb sab, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov ua hauj lwm yog vim Russia. Yog li ntawd, lub keeb kwm ntawm Poland thiab nyob ntawd tsis nyob ntev yog ib tug keeb kwm ntawm enslavement, thiab tus tawm tsam kom tau khaws cia lub teb chaws yog leej twg.

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus tswv xeev Theodore (Theodore) Berg lub nceeg vaj, uas lub npe hu ua "Privislinsky ntug", pib ua lub governors-general, nrog tshwj xeeb txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev ruaj ntseg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Poland tsis tau kis mas kho ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman, txhua yam yog nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm lub xeev cov tub ceev xwm, censorship thiab martial law (txij li thaum 1861)
tseem khaws ib qho kev ntsuas. Lub Koom Txoos Catholic, uas sawv rebels, dhau lawm, caum: kaw monasteries, cov neeg uas ciaj, raug xaiv tej khoom vaj tse, cov npis sov yog nyob ntawm seb cov kawm ntawv qib siab nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg (dua li ntawm qhov tawm tsam ntawm lub Pope), thiab nyob nyob rau hauv qhov txiav npluav tiv tauj nrog cov Vatican.

Nyob rau Polish chaw uas zoo heev muaj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman, qhov teeb meem ntawm lub Tug yog qhov phem tshaj. Cov feem ntau nyuaj rau cov pejxeem yog ib tug tsausmuag kev cai assimilation thiab cov hluav ntawm haiv neeg. Poland raws li ib feem ntawm Russia raws li ib tug ua saib tsis taus lub teb chaws autonomy - lub feem ntau ntawm cov Tug tau deported mus rau sab hnub tuaj teb chaws, lwm nyob rau hauv lub ceeb thawj ntawm lub siab se yuav tsis tau av, tsim kom muaj lub enterprise. Lawm, qhov no tshwm sim los ib tug latent discontent ntawm cov pejxeem, uas muaj nrog lub sij hawm mus rau hauv qhib tawm tsam. Yog hais tias, ua ntej cov kev cai ntawm Alexander Ob Polish keeb kwm tau undergone ib tug nyuaj lub sij hawm liquidation ntawm lub Polish xeev, qhov tseeb tsoom fwv siab rau cov teeb meem ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab yam lus. Ib zaug ntxiv thiab rov tsim ib tug tshiab nationalist currents, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas tus Russians Russification intensified nyob rau txhua txhua kauj ruam. Nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam tshaj lub kab dej nrhiav los lwv tej manifestation ntawm Polishness - ob qho tag nrho hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab nyob rau hauv lub koom haum saib xyuas - ces nws yog thaum kawg txwv cov Polish lus rau pej xeem siv. nws twb tsis tau nyob ib ncig ntawm lub Kingdom, tiam sis ntawm no txwv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Polish kab lis kev cai thiab favored Russia.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-60s ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 Lavxias teb sab lus los ua cov lus ntawm kev qhia ntawv nyob rau hauv theem nrab tsev kawm ntawv. Thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv 1869 tau muab rau hauv ib tug muaj koob muaj npe tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv 1872, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kho kom zoo ntawm lub Minister of Education Dmitry Tolstoy kiag li tshem tawm cov tseem ntawm lub Polish tsev kawm ntawv.

Zog ntawm Guj kuj thiab Poland. Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov teb chaws puas tau nyob rau hauv ib tug kev sib tsoo. Nws yog nrog Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Poland yog nyob rau hauv tsov rog 1920. Nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov seem tom ntej no - txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub teb chaws - tuaj nyob rau hauv 1939, thaum Soviet troops on Cuaj hlis 17 nkag mus hauv lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm Poland (rov qab hais tias nyob rau hauv 1 lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj Hitler nws cov tub rog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws). Txawm li cas los, cov neeg mob nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm Poland qhov chaw tseem nco ntsoov. Thiab mus txog rau thaum peb yuav ncaj ncees sib tham txog tag nrho cov complex keeb kwm vicissitudes, tsis zoo li yuav tsum tau ib tug tiag tiag kev sib tham. Tom qab tag nrho, lub sib ntaus tawm tsam Russification - thawj los ntawm lub 19th xyoo pua, ces tus domination ntawm tag nrho Lavxias teb sab thaum lub sij hawm lub Soviet era - tseem ciaj sia nyob rau Tug. Thiab txawm hais tias tus qauv ntawm convergence yog npaj nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, li cas los xij, kom muaj tseeb friendship tseem kom deb li deb deb.