Inhibition ntawm lub hauv paus poob siab system: hom, mechanism nqi

Cai ntawm neural kev ua si yog cov txheej txheem ntawm excitation thiab inhibition nyob rau hauv lub Cns. Chiv, nws tshwm li ib lub tsev tshuaj tiv thaiv mus rau ib tug stimulus. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov evolution muaj ib tug mob neuroendocrine zog, ua rau lub tsim ntawm lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab endocrine systems. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav kawm txog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab dab - inhibition nyob rau hauv lub Cns, lub hom thiab mechanisms ntawm nws siv.

Tshee ntaub so ntswg, nws cov qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi

Ib hom ntawm cov tsiaj ntaub so ntswg, npe hu ua paj muaj tshwj xeeb tsa uas muab ob lub excitation thiab activating lub braking muaj nuj nqi nyob rau hauv lub Cns. Paj hlwb muaj ib lub cev thiab appendages: luv luv (dendrites) thiab ntev (axon), uas yuav muab cov kis ntawm cov hlab impulses los ntawm ib tug mus rau lwm neurocyte. Qhov kawg ntawm tus axon ntawm paj ntawm tes tiv tauj nrog cov dendrites ntawm lub tom ntej no neurocyte nyob rau hauv qhov chaw hu ua synapses. Lawv xyuas kom meej tias lub bioelectric impulses raws paj cov ntaub so ntswg. Wherein lub excitation yeej ib txwm tsiv nyob rau hauv ib tug kev taw qhia - los ntawm lub axon rau lub cev los yog dendrites ntawm lwm neurocyte.

Lwm cov khoom teejtug tsuas yog excitation ntws nyob rau hauv paj ntaub so ntswg, - inhibition nyob rau hauv lub Cns. Nws yog lub cev lus teb rau cov stimulus ua rau ib tug txo los sis tag cessation ntawm lub cev muaj zog los yog secretory kev ua si, uas yuav centrifugal neurons. Braking nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb cov ntaub so ntswg muaj peev xwm tshwm sim yam tsis tau yam ua ntej excitation, tiam sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tus ntawm braking ntawm tus Neeg Nruab Nrab, xws li GABA. Nws yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab transmitters ntawm braking. Koj tseem hu tau rau qhov no tshuaj raws li glycine. Qhov no amino acid yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv pab inhibitory dab thiab nkoos zus tau tej cov lwg me me nyob synapses gammaaminomaslyannoy acid.

I. M. Sechenov thiab nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv neurophysiology

Tseem ceeb Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij, creator ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm lub reflex kev ua ntawm lub paj hlwb pom qhov muaj nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus qhov chaw ntawm poob siab system ntawm tshwj xeeb ceg ntawm hlwb muaj peev xwm ntawm inactivating bioelectric dab. Qhib Nres chaw zov me nyuam nyob rau hauv lub central lub paj hlwb yog ua tau los ntawm kev siv ntawm I. Sechenov peb hom thwmsim. Cov no muaj xws txiav seem ntawm daim tawv nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv ntawm lub paj hlwb, stimulation ntawm ib tug neeg loci gray teeb meem ntawm lub cev los yog tshuaj yam (electrocution, sodium tshuaj dawb) zoo li raws li ib tug txoj kev excitation ntawm muaj sia hlwb chaw zov me nyuam. I. M. Sechenov yog ib tug zoo experimenter, ua ultra-leej txiav nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub thalami thiab txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub thalamus ntawm lub Qav. Nws saib cov yuav txo tau thiab ua kom tiav tas ntawm lub cev muaj zog ua si ntawm tus tsiaj lub nqua.

Yog li ntawd, neurophysiologist qhib ib tug tshwj xeeb zoo ntawm neural dab - inhibition nyob rau hauv lub Cns. Hom thiab mechanisms ntawm nws tsim, peb sib tham txog nyob rau hauv ntau yam nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no, thiab tam sim no ib zaug dua saktsentiruem xim mus rau qhov fact: nyob rau hauv xws departments li cov medulla oblongata, thiab thalamic nyob qhov chaw hu ua tus nres, los yog "Sechenovskiy" center. Tus kws tshawb fawb kuj muaj pov thawj nws muaj tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv tib neeg. Ntxiv mus, I. M. Sechenov sab phenomenon ntawm tonic excitation nres chaw zov me nyuam. Nws yog to taub los ntawm tus txheej txheem no me me excitation nyob rau hauv centrifugal neurons thiab lwm yam nqaij, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv inhibition ntawm cov hlab chaw zov me nyuam rau lawv tus kheej.

Sib tham seb neural dab?

Kev tshawb fawb mas Lavxias teb sab physiologist I. P. Pavlova thiab I. M. Sechenova muaj pov thawj hais tias cov ua hauj lwm ntawm lub hauv paus poob siab system tsiag ntawv los ntawm co-tsa ntawm reflex tshua. Sis ntawm excitation thiab inhibition nyob rau hauv lub Cns tau nyob rau hauv ib tug hauj lwm ua ke kev cai ntawm lub cev functions: lub cev ua si, kev ua pa, plab zom mov, feem. Bioelectric dab txhij tshwm sim nyob rau hauv paj chaw zov me nyuam thiab tej zaum yuav sequentially hloov lub sij hawm. Nws muab correlation thiab raws sij hawm tso cai ntawm lub teb reflexes rau Pib ntsais koj teeb sab hauv thiab sab nraud ib puag ncig. Heev heev thwmsim ua los ntawm neurophysiologists, paub tseeb hais tias qhov tseeb hais tias lub excitation thiab inhibition nyob rau hauv lub central tshee system - ib tug tseem ceeb tshee phenomena, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv tej yam qauv. Cia peb kawm lawv nyob rau hauv kom meej.

Lub paj chaw ntawm lub cerebral cortex yuav tau faib ob hom dab thoob plaws hauv lub paj hlwb. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse yog hu ua radiating excitation los yog inhibition. Tus txheem phenomenon - txo los yog limiting rau thaj tsam ntawm lub paj hlwb, kis bioimpulsy. Nws yog hu ua concentration. Ob hom kev sib tshuam, cov zaum cai rau cov tsim ntawm conditioned lub cev muaj zog reflexes. Thaum lub sij hawm thawj zaug rau theem ntawm lub cev muaj zog cov kev txawj, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm irradiation ntawm excitation ib txhij txiav ntau yam nqaij pawg, tsis tas muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm lub cev muaj zog ua tsim. Tsuas yog tom qab ntau repetitions generated teem ntawm lub cev ntawv tsa suab (skating, skiing, cycling), uas ua nyob rau hauv ib tug concentration ntawm excitation dab nyob rau hauv ib neuronal cortical foci, tag nrho cov tib neeg taw ua vysokokoordinirovannymi.

Switching lub paj chaw zov me nyuam kuj tseem yuav tshwm sim vim induction. Nws zoo nkaus li thaum lub nram qab no tej yam kev mob yog txaus siab: thawj muaj inhibition los yog excitation concentration, cov dab yuav tsum muaj lub zog txaus. Nyob rau hauv science paub ob hom ntawm induction: S-theem (nyob rau hauv lub Cns central inhibition tej excitation) thiab cov tsis zoo daim ntawv (excitation ua braking txheej txheem). Kuj nrhiav tau ib zoo ib yam induction. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub paj hlwb yog ntxeev nyob rau hauv lub paj center. Kev tshawb fawb neuroscientists tau muaj pov thawj qhov tseeb hais tias tus cwj pwm ntawm ntau dua tsiaj thiab tib neeg yog txhais los ntawm induction phenomena, irradiation thiab concentration neural excitation thiab inhibition.

txawm li cas los braking

Cia peb xav txog nyob rau hauv ntau yam hom braking nyob rau hauv lub Cns thiab nws ua kom pom tseeb rau ntawm ib daim ntawv uas yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Lub sij hawm twb npaj siab los ntawm Ivan Pavlov. Tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tus txheej txheem no yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb thaj chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab nrhiav ob ntawm nws hom: tuag thiab tas mus li. Cia peb kawm txog lawv nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Xav hais tias nyob rau hauv lub cortex muaj excitation hearth, generates pulses rau cov ua hauj lwm neeg (rau cov nqaij ntshiv, caj pas secretory hlwb). Vim hloov tej yam kev mob sab nraud los yog sab hauv cheeb tsam tshwm sim lwm tus pog feem ntawm lub cerebral cortex. Nws generates ib tug bioelectrical Pib ntsais koj teeb ntawm ntau dua kev siv uas cheeb excitation ntawm yav tas los active nyob rau hauv paj center thiab lub reflex arc. Tuag inhibition nyob rau hauv lub Cns tau nyob rau hauv uas cov kev siv ntawm cov tebchaws reflex maj txo. Cov kev tshab txhais rau qhov no muaj xws li cov thawj stimulus tsis ua excitation nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem receptors afferent neuron.

Lwm hom inhibition cai nyob rau hauv cov tib neeg thiab cov tsiaj, qha qhov xyaum ua tej ua los ntawm cov Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv 1904. I. P. Pavlovym. Thaum lub sij hawm pub dev (fistula derived ntawm lub puab tsaig) experimenters muaj ntse beep - qaub ncaug los ntawm cov fistula ceased. Tej inhibition pom tus paub txog hu ua extraordinary.

Raws li ib tug xam qhovkev vaj tse, inhibition ntawm lub hauv paus poob siab system ntws los ntawm unconditioned reflex mechanism. Nws yog es passive thiab tsis ua rau lub khiav ntawm ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm lub zog, ua rau lub cessation ntawm conditioned reflexes. Qhov braking unconditional nrog ntau psychosomatic kab mob: psoriasis, spastic thiab flaccid tuag tes tuag taw.

Yuav ua li cas yog fading nres

Ntxiv mus kawm lub mechanisms ntawm inhibition nyob rau hauv lub central lub paj hlwb, xav txog dab tsi yog ib qho ntawm nws hom, hu ua nres fading. Nws yog zoo dua lub npe hu hais tias lub tebchaws reflex yog ib lub cev lo lus teb rau tej yam uas cov tshiab txawv teb chaws lub teeb liab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nyob rau hauv lub cerebral cortex paj center yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm excitation. Nws tas ib reflex arc uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub cev teb thiab hu ua lub tebchaws reflex. Qhov no reflex ua ua inhibition ntawm cov conditioned reflex ntawm dab tsi yog muaj tshwm sim rau lub sij hawm ntawd. Tom qab repetition refillable extraneous stimuli reflex, hu ua indicative maj txo thiab thaum kawg disappears. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis ua rau ntau dua inhibition ntawm cov conditioned reflex. Xws li ib tug lub teeb liab tau txais thiab lub npe ntawm tus fading brakes.

Yog li, cov sab nraud inhibition ntawm conditioned reflexes vim qhov tus ntawm ib tug txawv teb chaws lub cev lub teeb liab yog ib qho tseem ceeb cov khoom teejtug uas lub hauv paus thiab peripheral lub paj hlwb. Sudden los tshiab stimulus, xws li mob nov ntawm nqaij tawv, coj txawv txawv suab, illumination hloov, tsis tsuas ua rau kom paub tebchaws reflex, tab sis tseem muaj txhawb rau weakening los yog txawm tiav cessation ntawm conditioned reflex arc, yog tam sim no kom nquag plias. Yog hais tias cov sab nraud lub teeb liab (lwm yam tshaj li mob) ua hauj lwm dua, inhibition ntawm cov conditioned reflex tshwm me me thiab. Lub lom lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov hlab txoj kev unconstrained daim ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv nqa tawm lub cev lo lus teb rau ib tug stimulus, yog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd.

nrog inhibition

Nws lub npe siv nyob rau hauv lub physiology siab tshee ua si - conditioned inhibition. Lub ntsiab yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau cov emergence ntawm tus txheej txheem no - cov tsis muaj qhov cuab lub zog Pib ntsais koj teeb los ntawm lwm lub ntiaj teb no, innate reflexes: digestive, muaj qaub. Tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov tej yam kev mob braking Cns dab yuav tsum tau ib tug tej lub sij hawm luv. Xav txog lawv views nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Piv txwv li, lub differential inhibition tshwm sim raws li ib lo lus teb rau tej teeb, coinciding nyob rau hauv amplitude, siv thiab lub hwj chim mus rau lub conditioned stimulus. Qhov no daim ntawv kev sis raug zoo ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab sab nraum lub ntiaj teb no tso cai rau lub cev mus rau ntau finely paub qhov txawv ntawm stimuli thiab cais tawm lawv los ntawm lub totality ntawm qhov uas yog perpetuated innate reflex. Piv txwv li, lub suab ntawm ib tug hu nrog ib tug quab yuam ntawm 15 Hz, txaus siab los ntawm lub trough nrog cov zaub mov, tus aub tsim ib tug conditioned muaj qaub teb. Yog hais tias tus tsiaj mus siv lwm lub suab, lub hwj chim ntawm 25 Hz, tsis reinforcing nws cov zaub mov, nyob rau hauv thawj series ntawm thwmsim, tus aub ntawm lub fistula qaub ncaug yuav muab sau ua ke rau ob leeg lub conditioned stimulus. Tom qab ib co sij hawm tus tsiaj yuav txawv ntawm cov Pib ntsais koj teeb, thiab nyob rau lub suab hwj chim ntawm 25 Hz los ntawm cov qaub ncaug fistula tsis tu tsis tseg mus rau sawv tawm, uas yog, tsim differentiating inhibition.

Tso lub hlwb los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tau poob ib qho tseem ceeb heev ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm rau lub cev - qhov no muaj nuj nqi yog precisely ua braking nyob rau hauv lub central lub paj hlwb. Physiology empirically muaj pov thawj hais tias tus conditioned lub cev muaj zog tshuaj tiv thaiv, zoo anchored txoj kev txawj ntse, muaj peev xwm mob thoob plaws hauv ib tug neeg lub neej, xws li skating, cycling.

Ntsiab lus, peb yuav hais tias cov inhibitory dab nyob rau hauv lub central tshee system - cov weakening los yog cessation ntawm tej yam tshua ntawm tus kab mob. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb heev, raws li tag nrho lub cev reflexes yog kho nyob rau hauv raws li cov hloov hauv cov nqe lus, thiab yog hais tias tus conditioned teeb liab tau poob nws cov nqi, txawm kiag li yuav ploj. Ntau hom ntawm deceleration nyob rau hauv lub Cns yog yooj yim mus rau tej tib neeg puas siab puas ntsws muaj peev xwm raws li nws tus kheej preservation, kev ntxub ntxaug stimuli expectation.

Lub ncua tsos ntawm lub paj hlwb cov txheej txheem

Empirically ib tug yuav tsim ib qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv uas lub cev lus teb rau cov conditioned teeb liab los ntawm lub sab nraud ib puag ncig yog qhia ua ntej raug mus rau lub unconditioned stimulus, xws li khoom noj khoom haus. Los ua lub sij hawm luv ntawm pib ntawm raug ntawm lub conditioned teeb liab (lub teeb, suab, e.g., metronome) thiab lub sij hawm ntawm qhov cuab lub zog rau peb feeb nyob rau saum toj no cov qaub ncaug conditioned stimuli nce qeeb thiab tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum lub hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov tsiaj zoo nkaus li feeder nrog cov zaub mov. Lagging lus teb rau cov conditioned teeb liab yog indicative ntawm inhibition ntawm Cns dab hu ua ncua saib, nyob rau nws hnov tau txaus lub sij hawm ntawm qhov kev ncua luv ntawm lub unconditioned stimulus, xws li khoom noj khoom haus.

Tus nqi ntawm inhibition nyob rau hauv lub Cns

Cov tib neeg lub cev yog, figuratively hais lus, yog "rau lub xub ntiag" cov loj loj ntau yam sab nraud thiab sab hauv ib puag ncig rau cov uas nws yog yuam kom hnov mob thiab tsim ib plurality ntawm reflections. Lawv paj chaw zov me nyuam thiab arcs yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum. lub paj hlwb overload loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm tus pog chaw zov me nyuam nyob rau hauv lub cerebral cortex muaj ib tug tsis zoo feem ntawm kev nyuaj siab, tab sis kuj txo nws efficiency.

Lom bases ntawm tib neeg tus cwj pwm

Ob hom ntawm poob siab cov ntaub so ntswg kev ua si, raws li cov excitation thiab inhibition nyob rau hauv lub Cns, yog lub hauv paus ntawm ntau dua tshee ua si. Nws ua rau lub physiological mechanisms ntawm tib neeg puas siab puas ntsws kev ua si. Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm ntau dua tshee ua si twb formulated I. P. Pavlovym. Ib tug niaj hnub txhais lus ntawm nws nyeem raws li nram no:

• Excitation thiab inhibition nyob rau hauv lub central lub paj hlwb, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv, muab txoj kev xav: nco txog, xav, hais lus, nco qab, thiab daim ntawv complex tib neeg tus cwj pwm cov lus teb.

Yuav kom ua kev kawm raws li hom kawm, ua hauj lwm, leisure, tus zaum siv cov kev txawj ntse ntawm cov kev cai ntawm ntau dua tshee ua si.

Lub lom tseem ceeb ntawm xws li ib active paj txheej txheem raws li inhibition yuav txiav txim raws li nram no. Hloov tej yam kev mob ntawm lub sab nraud thiab sab hauv cheeb tsam (tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm conditioned qhov cuab lub zog teeb liab innate reflex) entails txaus hloov coj mechanisms nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Yog li ntawd mas yuav kis tau reflex ua inhibited (tawm) los yog kiag li disappears raws li nws yuav pab tsis tau yus rau tus kab mob.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug npau suav?

I. P. Pavlov nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm pov thawj experimentally qhov tseeb hais tias cov txheej txheem ntawm inhibition nyob rau hauv lub central lub paj hlwb thiab pw tsaug zog muaj qhov xwm tib yam. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm wakefulness ntawm lub cev rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm lub zuag qhia tag nrho kev ua si ntawm lub cerebral cortex yog tseem paub hais tias ib co ntawm nws qhov chaw them los ntawm lub sab hauv braking. Thaum lub sij hawm pw tsaug zog, nws radiates tshaj tag nrho saum npoo ntawm lub cerebral hemispheres, xeeb subcortical lug: thalamus (thalamus), hypothalamus, reticular tsim thiab limbic system. Raws li taw tes qhia tawm los ntawm ib tug muaj koob neuroscientist P. K. Anohin, tag nrho cov ntawm cov qhov chaw hauv lub central lub paj hlwb lub luag hauj lwm rau kev coj cwj pwm spheres, cwj pwm txawv thiab instincts, thaum lub sij hawm pw tsaug zog txo lawv cov kev ua. Qhov no entails ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub cim ntawm cov hlab impulses los ntawm nyob rau hauv lub cover. Yog li, ua kom ntawm lub cortex yog txo. Qhov no pub rau tus so thiab rov qab metabolism nyob rau hauv lub neurocytes ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab thoob plaws hauv lub cev raws li ib tug tag nrho.

Sim kawm lwm zaum (Hess txuag) ceg tau tsim tshwj xeeb paj hlwb teej tug uas tsis yog-kev tseem thalamus. excitation dab thiaj paub hais tias nyob rau hauv lawv, ua kev txiav nyob rau hauv lub biorhythms ua kiav txhab uas tau saib raws li ib txoj kev hloov los ntawm lub active lub xeev (tsaug zog) mus pw tsaug zog. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub hlwb qhov chaw raws li Silvio kais dej thiab III ventricle, sim hawm caij nyoog zaum mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm cov hav zoov ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov kev cai ntawm cov pw tsaug zog. Nws yog anatomically kev cob cog rua nrog lub qhov chaw ntawm lub hlwb lub luag hauj lwm rau wakefulness. Defeat no locus cortex los ntawm kev poob plig los yog raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm roj ntsha mob nyob rau hauv tib neeg ua rau yus lub pathologic tej yam kev mob ntawm insomnia. Tsis tas li ntawd nco ntsoov qhov tseeb hais tias cov kev cai ntawm lub cev tseem ceeb heev rau braking txheej txheem raws li pw tsaug zog nqa paj chaw diencephalon thiab subcortical nuclei: lub caudate, amygdala, ntseej thiab lenticular.