Hloov Hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernigov: keeb kwm, cov duab thiab cov kev txheeb xyuas

Hauv plawv ntawm lub nroog, nyob rau hauv qhov tob Chernigov, majestic snow-dawb lub tuam tsev. Nws yog crowned nrog tsib ncaws thiab yees ntawm lub conical zoo. Qhov no cim monument ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua eleventh - lub cev hloov hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernigov.

nthuav hnub

Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, lub tsev teev ntuj Orthodox yog tus hiob cov uas zoo sib xws lug txij thaum princely lub sij hawm. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nws yog ib lo lus nug ntawm cov neeg uas ciaj. Txawm li cas los, tsis ntev los no kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias cov hiob yog St. Sophia Cathedral, uas nws ua hauj lwm rov qab nyob rau hauv 2010 tau hais tias tus tom kawg yog founded hauv 1011. Raws li pov thawj lawv coj heev heev inscriptions rau nws phab ntsa. Txawm tias qhov no version yog tseem tsis tau kiag li tsim, tab sis ib txhia soj ntsuam ntseeg tau hais tias lub xyoo thaum lub cev Hloov Hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernihiv twb nrhiav tau - 1036-th.

Keeb kwm ntawm creation

Nyob rau hauv 1024 tus naas ej Chernigov tub huabtais Mstislav Vladimirovich Hrabry yeej qhov ntev internecine kev tsov kev rog thiab pib zoo heev nthuav nws cov tswv cuab. Nws pawg neeg thaj av ncav us txog ntawm Sivershchyna mus rau lub North Caucasus. Thaum lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv lub chaw uas zoo heev Dneshnego Tsev fuabtais Detintsa los yog raws li nws yog tam sim no hu ua, pib ua ib tug heev loj None lub tsev hais plaub. Qhov no complex yog lub hauv paus qauv yog lub cev hloov hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernigov, uas nws keeb kwm yog inextricably txuas nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm Kievan Rus.

Nws yog paub tias nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nws tsim tuag. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws txoj kev tuag, cov phab ntsa hauv lub tuam tsev, raws li evidenced los ntawm chroniclers, twb tsa mus rau ib qhov siab ntawm plaub meters.

Unfinished twb thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, ib tug heev zoo nkauj lub cev Hloov Hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernihiv yog lub ntsiab lub thaj neeb ntawm lub teb chaws. Nws nyob ntawm no cia ntau tsawg txuj ci tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm icons, relics ntawm cov neeg ntseeg.

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tub huabtais Brave, nws cov founder, los ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj coj tawm tag nrho cov masters. Lawv deployed rau qhov kev siv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Novgorod Sofia. Yog li ntawd, ua kom tiav txoj kev Hloov Hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernihiv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua eleventh.

nqi

Yuav luag cuaj centuries nws yog ib tug cathedral rau lub zos diocese. Nws twb ntshai li qhov chaw ntawm cov pej xeem thiab kev lub neej. Nyob rau hauv nws cov arches yog faus ntau ntawm cov thawj thiab sab ntsuj plig tus tswv. Ntawm no yog lub relics ntawm tub huabtais Mstislav lub siab tawv thiab Svyatoslav Yaroslavovych thiab nws cov tub Oleg thiab Gleb. Nyob rau hauv 1246 no tus dawb huv martyrs Michael thiab Fedor tau faus. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 1572-m, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai, lawv tej zaum yuav tau raug thauj mus Moscow.

Ib txhia soj ntsuam ntseeg tau hais tias qhov no yog qhov uas nws raug faus tub huabtais Igor - tus hero ntawm "Lub taleas ntawm Igor lub phiaj los nqis tes". Nws ua vajntxwv kav Chernigov los ntawm 1198 th rau 1201-th xyoo. Ntawm no yog faus rau hauv lub hierarchs ntawm lub zos diocese Lazar Baranavichy thiab Ambrose Dubkevich. Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm ancient Russia nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau, tej zaum, Revered icons nyob rau hauv Russia - Smolensk Icon ntawm leej niam ntawm Vajtswv, los yog Hodegetria. Txawm li cas los, tom qab ib tug thaum Vladimir Monomakh tsiv lub thaj neeb rau Smolensk.

General saib

Hloov Hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernigov, uas qhia tau hais tias ib txoj kev npaj loj txaus rau cov laus Lavxias teb sab qauv - 18,25h27 meters - peb-nave qauv nrog peb apses thiab rau tug, rebuilt ob peb lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo thiab puas tawm centuries, piv txwv li, muaj ob tug yees tau overbuilt. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab uas lub cev hloov hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernihiv tau txais tam sim no daim ntawv no.

nyob ib ncig ntawm lub perimeter ntawm lub facade yog tsis tshua muaj nyuab elegant masonry ua los ntawm bricks muab zais nyob ze. Decorated thawj Pilasters, nyob rau nyob rau hauv thawj theem - suab tiaj tus, whereas nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - zoo li tus.

Spatial npaj, uas yog txoj kev Hloov Hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernigov (yees duab coj nws tom tsev txhua txhua tus txiv neej, los mus rau lub nroog), yog tiag tiag cim. Qhov no thawj qauv tsis muaj los ntawm tej yam ancient tuam tsev.

Lub excavations qhia hais tias cov sab hnub tuaj ces kaum mus rau lub tsev loj ntxiv mus rau ib tug me me lub tsev teev ntuj, uas tsis tau dim mus rau lub hnub tam sim no. Thiab niaj hnub no, txoj kev Hloov Hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernigov, yees duab uas yog pov thawj ntawm muaj nqis tsis tau lawv.

Tsis fwm round pej thuam thiab nyob ib sab mus rau sab qaum teb sab ntawm lub qab khav yog phab. Nws coj los ntawm cov gallery staircase. Thiab los ntawm sab qab teb yog Ameslikas tau txuas trehapsidny me ntsis lub tsev teev ntuj, uas yog kev cai raus dej. Ntxiv mus, thaum nyob rau hauv 1239 lub tsev teev ntuj thaum lub sij hawm qhov ntxeem tau ntawm lub Tatars twb zoo lawm, poob arches thiab ncaws.

Lub architectural tshuaj

Hloov Hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernigov style uas yog ib tug compound ntawm Circuit Court ntoo khaub lig-dome Byzantine tuam tsev nrog ib co ntsiab ntawm romance basilica tsis tshua muaj neeg zoo nkauj. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lub tsev tus tswv siv lub cuab yeej ntawm mixed masonry. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nrog ib tug plinth rau lub qub Lavxias teb sab architecture yog tus yam ntxwv nyias burnt cib - ntuj pob zeb siv. Architects uas tau kawm cov ntsiab cai thiab kev tsim kho ntawm technology, admiringly sau tseg hais tias ib tug constructive tshuaj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj amazingly meej, yuav luag zoo meej.

Cov nyhuv ntawm lub sij hawm

Yuav luag ib txhiab xyoo ntawm keeb kwm ntawm no ancient kev cai monument underwent ntau kev puas tsuaj thiab reconstruction. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo thaum Chernigov nyob rau hauv 1239 tau coj los ntawm ib pab tub rog ntawm Khan Mangu, lub tsev teev ntuj tau undergone ib tug ua tiav looting. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, nws nyob ntawm no kaw, defensive, lub xeem defenders ntawm tus poob nroog. Kws muaj txuj ci coj Chernigov tub huabtais Mstislav. Nws tus poj niam, nyob rau hauv thiaj li tsis mus poob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, dhia ntawm lub qhov rais ntawm lub liab yees ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj.

Episcopal saib tau tsiv los ntawm Chernigov nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Bryansk. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1675 - thaum Archbishop Laxalau Baranovichi - pib yuav tsum tau nqa tawm reconstruction kev ua hauj lwm. Ces twb overbuilt apse.

reconstruction

Tom qab ib tug meej es rov ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj twb nqa tawm nyob rau hauv 1791-1798, ntsig txog, tom qab qhov hluav taws kub, thaum lub tsev ntawd raug heev puas. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm no, muaj ntau yam qub Lavxias teb sab frescoes tau ploj mus lawm.

Chroniclers sau tias nyob rau hauv 1783-m nyob rau hauv Chernihiv twb dua Potemkin, uas yog heev npaum li cas xav nyob rau hauv no lub tsev teev ntuj. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm nws thov rau kev kho tau tau faib nyiaj txaus. Txawm li cas los, Tu siab, lub restructuring ntawm ntau tshaj mob hauv lub tuam tsev. Nws tshwm sim los xws mob uas yuav tsis txawm muab tag nrho cov yav tas los puas tsuaj.

Ces nyob rau hauv txhua sab ntawm lub Cathedral ntawm ob taw yees tau ntxiv. Qhov no yog muab lub tsev teev ntuj ib yam kev zoo sib thooj nrog lub tsev teev ntuj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv pab raws li ib tug sundial.

sab hauv

Lub sab hauv ntawm tus Cathedral muaj solemn thiab nruj ua ke ntawm verticals nrog horizontals. Tshwj xeeb yog muaj nqis mentioning yog ancient relics xws li frescoes thiab reliefs nyob parapets choruses thiab chiv nteg kiag. Tu siab, tsis yog txhua txhua ntawm lub pre-Mongol tuam tsev kho kom zoo nkauj tseem nyob, thiab yog dab tsi tuaj rau peb, dim nyob rau hauv thooj thiab zoo li nyob deb zoo dua. Lub ntsiab yog ib feem ntawm lub sab hauv paintings puas yog hluav taws kub nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua.

Nto moo xeeb tub "Vaj Huam Sib Luag rau cov Thwj Tim Thecla" tau raug tshem tawm nyob rau hauv lub 30-ies ntawm lub Bolsheviks, thiab ces nws twb puas lawm thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog. Qhov seem ob peb, tab sis heev ancient paintings me ntsis sawv ntsug tawm nyob rau hauv yooj yim saib daim duab ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo frescoes. Nws hloov tawm hais tias lub sab hauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj twb rov pleev xim rau hauv 1820-m, thiab ib nrab xyoo tom qab tshiab. Nws twb ces tua ancient drawings.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj residual daim pem teb nyob sab, ua txawv sij hawm. Thawj txheej muaj slabs ntawm slate, nyob rau hauv uas yog nqus tau kos lawm ua tus sau mosaic. Ib qho ntawm nws lub ntsiab ntsiab yog concentric voj voog. Keeb xeeb, lub thaj hauv hauv pem teb twb leem nrog tej hub glazed vuas. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub kaum ob xyoo pua nws twb hloov los ntawm tus slate blocks. Ntawm kev nqi nyob rau hauv cov kev cai thiab keeb kwm yam muaj slate reliefs nyob rau parapet choirs.

Lub sab hauv ntawm lub elongated chav txig sib xyaws nrog rau bunk puab arcades uas yuj siab mus rau hauv lub dome qhov chaw. Thoob plaws hauv lawv ntev nws yog Ameslikas nruab ntoo decks rau sab qaum teb thiab yav qab teb hu nkauj ua ke. Lawv txhim khu lub kab rov tav division ntawm lub sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj. Cov arcades muaj ntau cov yam ntxwv ntawm Byzantine architecture ntawm lub era. Txawm li cas los, lawv tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm Kievan Rus. Thiab qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv nta, uas yog nto moo Hloov Hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernigov, uas lub magnificence ntawm nws attire ho tsis tawm los throned nto moo lub koom txoos.

nta

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias lub tuam tsev builders rov rau ib co raws li lub tswvyim ntawm tus them ib feem kaum tsev teev ntuj - thawj pob zeb lub tsev teev ntuj Laus Lavxias teb sab xeev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws twb pom tias cov artisans uas tsim lub cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernigov thiab Kiev Sophia, ub tau los ntawm ib tug Byzantine ua liaj ua teb.

Nws tau ntev muaj ib tug ancient kev cai ntawm lub tuam tsev dai chij ntawm lub nroog lub defenders. Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem yog tshaaj ntawm no thiab Cossack chij thiab banners kaum yim Chernigov militia thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog nrog Napoleon , thiab kaum ib ntawm cov Crimean ua tsov ua rog.

shrines

Nyob rau hauv lub sacristy tseem khaws ib tug ntau ntawm liturgical khoom. Ib txhia ntawm lawv pub los ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub Koom Txoos thiab lub siab tus yees. Ntawm lawv, cov nyiaj hli ntawm lub Moo Zoo - ib tug tshwj xeeb daim uas ua hauj lwm, uas tau tsa cov duab.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub thaj yog ib tug silver-gilt theem sarcophagus uas kaum kilograms. Thaum lub sij hawm nws nyob rau hauv Chernigov nyob rau hauv 1787 Empress Catherine II muab lub tsev teev ntuj ib tug ancient catholic ntoo khaub lig thiab lub rooj zaum, raws li zoo raws li ntau ancient vestments.

Lub ntsiab shrines yog khaws cia ntawm no kom txog rau thaum 1917, yog cov relics ntawm Metropolitan Constantine thiab tub huabtais Igor Olgovich. Lawv twb faus nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev phab ntsa. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws kuj cia cov relics ntawm St. Theodosius thiab Uglich - lub Archbishop ntawm Chernigov, uas nteg qhib nyob rau hauv ib tug silver reliquary, weighing txog li ob kilograms.

Nws kuj khw muag khoom noj thiab yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau revered icons nyob rau hauv lub Chernihiv cheeb tsam - leej niam ntawm Vajtswv Ripkinskoy. Tab sis lub npe nrov tshaj yog suav tias yog Protectress. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Kievan Rus no thaj neeb nyob rau hauv tus dawb huv lub cev Hloov Hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernigov coj tus ntxhais ntawm tus Emperor Constantine, uas twb sib yuav rau tub huabtais Vsevolod. Yug nyob rau hauv no kev sib yuav nrog Vladimir Monomakh nyob rau hauv 1097 yog tswv xeev ntawm Smolensk, qhov uas nws rebuilt rau lub tuam tsev. Tom qab tag nws, nws tsiv lub icon ntawm Chernigov. Thiab txij thaum ntawd los nws pib hu Smolensk. Nws yog hais tias vim nws Batu Khan nyob rau hauv 1239 yog tsis tau tus nroog.

lub tuam tsev hnub no

Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, lub cev hloov hlo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernigov, lub sij hawm ntawm cov kev pab cuam uas niaj hnub no paub tag nrho cov parishioners, yog ib qho chaw uas yog Revered tsis tau tsuas yog tej yam yooj yim zoo tib yam cov ntseeg Vajtswv, tab sis tus aristocrats ntawm muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg uas kav lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, thaum nws cov qauv yog tseem nws yog ib feem ntawm Ukraine. Lub tuam tsev yog qhov kev tiv thaiv kev cai thiab keeb kwm monuments. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm nws keeb kwm thiab architectural nta txuas ntxiv kom txog thaum tsis ntev los no. Tam sim no, lub Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral yog siv tau thiab muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm lub xeev, yog ib feem ntawm cov keeb kwm park hu ua "Ancient Chernihiv".