Fingerprinting - DNA profiling yog ...

Xijpeem txiv neej yoojyim nws tus cim txog qhov twg tshwm sim: daim tawv nqaij hlwb, plaub hau, cov qaub ncaug. Thiab lub hlwb ntawm lub epidermis lossi, albeit nyob rau hauv me me qhov ntau, tso daim card: cov hws thiab roj. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lawv cov nuj nqis, thiab muaj cov yiv tes rau tag nrho cov cuam tshuam kev kawm. Lawv txawv yog cim rau txhua tus neeg. Yog li ntawd nyob qhov twg ua fingerprinting, thiab yog vim li cas nws yuav ua tau pab tau?

essence

Fingerprinting - ib tug science uas kawm cov papillary drawings, uas yog, cov neeg tuav rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij uas txhua txhua tus neeg nyob hauv lawv cov ntsis ntiv tes. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, thiaj li hu ua txheej txheem ntawm qhia kom paub txog ib tug sau ntawm cov kab xwb. Lub fact tias lawv yog cov cim rau txhua tus neeg thiab nyob rau hauv tag nrho, yog dab tsi tus neeg muaj kev txhawj xeeb. Uas yog vim li cas nws yog ib qho zoo heev txoj kev qhia kom paub, es yooj yooj yim thiab zoo yuav tsum tau siv thoob ntiaj teb.

keeb kwm keeb kwm yav dhau

Chiv, lub tswvyim ntawm fingerprinting raws li ib tug trasologii seem raug caw tuaj rau lub Argentine tus kws kho mob F. Lattsinoy nyob rau hauv xyoo 1894. Ua ntej uas tau siv yog tsis nkaus apt sij hawm "iknafalangometriya". Ces fingerprinting hom kev kawm thiab lawv cov kev siv nyob rau hauv forensic science yog booming. Kev ua neeg ncajncees rau nws muab lub npe nrov English explorer Francis Galton, thiab nws xav yog tsim thiab thawj lug muab tso rau hauv kev xyaum Juan Vucetich. Nws tsim ib tug faib ntawm prints, thiab tom qab ntawd - ib tug tshwj xeeb tuabneeg sau npe system nyob rau hauv ib co South American lub teb chaws. Yog li ntawd ua tau cov cim ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub wake ntawm lub papillary drawings - ib qho ntawm qhov yooj yim cov cuab yeej ntawm niaj hnub criminology.

Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj hais uas ntawm cov mentioned zaum muab lub loj tshaj impetus mus rau qhov science, raws li fingerprinting. Qhov no yog ib qhov teeb meem uas feem ntau ua rau ib tug ntau ntawm controversy vim hais tias Galton muaj pov thawj hais tias tuabneeg match cov neeg sib txawv txoj kev siv lej tsis yooj yim sua, thiab Vucetich tiag thawm cov cim ntawm qhov teeb meem rau nws tus kheej. Feem ntau cov yuav, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ua si ib tug luag hauj lwm loj no ua ke nrog ntawm cov achievements.

DNA profiling

Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv ib txwm to taub fingerprinting, dab tsi yog siv nyob ntawm no? Nws yog pom tseeb tias tus tsom xam ntawm DNA. Nws yog ntau npaum li cas ilv thiab leej ntsuas. Yog hais tias cov pa fingerprinting muaj peev xwm zam ib co kev ua yuam kev, qhov yuam kev yog zoo tshem tawm vim hais tias cov DNA ntawm txhua tus neeg uas yog nws. genotyping txoj kev twb tsim nyob rau hauv 1984 los ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov kev soj ntsuam coj los Alex Dzheffresa. Nws los ua nto moo vim hais tias nws twb siv nyob rau hauv ib co hais tsis zoo criminal mob, raws li tau zoo raws li nyob rau hauv ib qho teeb meem uas muaj ib tug football neeg uas ua ntawv OJ. Simpson nyob rau hauv 1995.

cov txheej txheem

Qhov no qhia kom paub txoj kev tau ua tau los ntawm cov tshwj xeeb tsa ntawm tib neeg DNA. Qhov tseeb hais tias hais txog 95% ntawm lub lwg me me no tsis yog-coding, i.e. tsis muaj caj ces, tab sis muaj ib tug repetitive ib theem zuj zus, uas muaj peev xwm kis tau deb ntawm txhua lwm yam los yog nyob ze. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no cov ntaub ntawv, lawv hu ua satellites. Tus nab npawb ntawm repetitions nyob rau hauv lawv muaj peev xwm yuav txawv heev, thiab yog hais tias koj noj ib cov neeg sib txawv, nws tsis yog guaranteed kom phim.

Muaj pawg nyob rau hauv uas lub xov tooj ntawm sequences yog heev me me - lawv yog hu ua cov mini-satellites. Thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam chaw nyob rau hauv lub DNA ntawm txhua tus neeg muaj ob tug lug, ib tug ntawm txhua tus niam txiv. DNA profiling yog ib qho kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov mini-satellites. Los ntawm nws yog ua tau txaus cov neeg kom paub tias cov neeg, uas belongs rau lub DNA. Niaj hnub no, cov txheej txheem no ua rau tib lub luag hauj lwm raws li ib zaug cov yiv tes. Tab sis yog hais tias tus yav dhau los txim txhaum so yuam, tsis txhob tawm tej yam tsi ntawm lub cev qhov cim tseg ntawm nws nyob twj ywm, uas yog, hais ntawm daim tawv nqaij, ntshav, qaub ncaug, cov plaub hau, thiab hais txog. E., Yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua.

raug

DNA profiling txawv heev cia siab rau, uas yog, nyob rau hauv tej yam qauv ob peb kuaj kev tshwm sim tau nyob rau hauv txawv lub chaw soj nstuam yog tsis sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tej kev cai ntau rau tag nrho cov ntawm no hom ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog tam sim no xwb ua hauj lwm rau.

Raws li rau cov neeg, qhov yuav tshwm ntawm coincidence ntawm lub analyzed DNA daim los ntawm cov neeg sib txawv yog negligible. Nws yog hais tias qhov uas yuav muaj nws dua yog hais tias peb yuav sib tham txog ze cov txheeb ze, lawv tau yuav tsum zoo xws li nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov neeg ntawm genotyping muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov khoom. Nws yog ib tug tshaj plaws - mus dhau fingerprinting, uas yog yuav tsum tau mus soj ntsuam yeem, thiab lwm heev - mus sim cais tawm DNA los ntawm ib tug nco ntawm qhuav ntshav los yog cov qaub ncaug.

niaj hnub daim ntawv thov

Muaj yog ib tug me me kab kev los ntawm lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv uas xws li ib tug txheej txheem tej zaum yuav pab tau. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog ib thaj chaw uas ua txhaum. neeg phem lub txhaum yuav muaj pov thawj, piv txwv li, yog tias daim tawv nqaij hlwb raug pom nyob rau hauv lub tes ntawm tus neeg, DNA txuam nrog nws. Rau forensic DNA profiling - ib tug tiag tiag nrhiav, pab qhia tus kheej ntawm cov ntawd.

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam xwm txheej uas yuav tsum tau kev npaj ntawm DNA-profiles, qhov no sib cav tswv yim hais txog leej txiv thiab qub txeeg qub teg. Nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no xyoo lawm, cov kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua heev nrov thiab muaj.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, genotyping yog siv los ntawm anthropologists rau lw lub keeb kwm thiab lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm ntau yam neeg. By Ntsuam xyuas cov DNA ntawm niaj hnub tib neeg tau ua kev nthuav discoveries thiab cov kev xav.

Thaum kawg, cov txheej txheem no yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj yug me nyuam rau kom paub meej tias cov kev coj dawb huv ntawm yug los yog xyuas ntawm lub caj haiv.

Nyob qhov twg thiab yuav ua li cas ua li cas?

Fingerprinting mus tau yooj yim. Nws yog heev yooj yim thiab kiag li tsis mob tus txheej txheem. Yuav pib nrog ntiv tes them nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb cov xim, thiab ces ua prints rau ntawm daim ntawv. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv ntau hauv tsev nws ua ib tug computer scan ntawm papillary qauv - nws tso cai rau koj kom tshem tau ntawm los xij, raws li los ntawm Digitisation.

Los ntawm 2015 mus yauv mus txoj kev ua no yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov nyob rau hauv Russia tshiab tiam passport. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, thaum thov, piv txwv li, ib tug British visa, koj kuj yuav tsum tau fingerprinted. Tab sis koj muaj peev xwm ua yeem - cia li mus rau qhov ze ceg ntawm lub Federal tsiv teb tsaws Service.

Yog hais tias muaj yog ib lo lus nug txog qhov twg mus rau qhov chaw lub kab DNA, muaj yog ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb kev kho mob hauv tsev. Raws li cov yuav txo tau ntawm lub xeem nqi thiab tis yuav tsum tau rau nws realization khoom xws tsev yog loj hlob. Nws yog, piv txwv li, lub Center rau Molecular noob caj noob ces, qhov twg tshwm sim muaj peev xwm muab tau nyob rau hauv ib ua hauj lwm lub lim tiam ntawm 10-20 txhiab rubles, thiab cov kev tshawb fawb lub koom haum ntawm Medical noob caj noob ces, qhov twg tus tsom xam yuav raug nqi txog tus nqi qub. Cov khoom feem ntau yog cov ntshav los yog buccal epithelium (smear, uas yog coj los ntawm lub sab hauv ntawm lub puab tsaig). Nws yog pom tseeb tias txoj kev ua no kuj tsi phem thiab suab tsis mob.

kev zoo thiab kev

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kws lij choj ntseeg hais tias tus creation ntawm ib tug system muaj ib tug tuabneeg los yog caj ces cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis tau tsuas yog criminals tab sis kuj zoo tib yam raws cai pej xeem, yog tsis tooj mus rau yuav tsum muaj tib neeg cov cai, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm quab yuam mus yauv mus cov txheej txheem. Nyob rau hauv kev txhawj xeeb yog ib tug ua tau so-nyob rau hauv ib database, uas yuav entail tsis tau tso cai nkag tau mus rau pub leej twg paub tej ntaub ntawv, raws li DNA profiling - qhov no yog ua tau ib tug DNA passport, thiab tej ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tsis txhob cia li yuav nyob rau hauv lub tsev sau.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tus sau thiab qhov muab kho dua ntawm xws li ib tug database - ib tug heev kim Library, thiab cov nuj nqi yog obviously poob rau hauv lub xub pwg nyom ntawm cov neeg them se. Raws li thoob ntiaj teb thiab Lavxias teb sab kev xyaum, nws yuav ua rau kev txiav txim zoo kom tsis txhob rau lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg uas fingerprinting yuav undergo nrauv cov tub rog cov neeg ua, tub ceev xwm cov koom haum, civil tub qhe, thiab, ntawm chav kawm, txim los yog pab ib tug thawj tswj cov raug ntes. Rau tus so ntawm lub txheej txheem ntawm fingerprinting los yog tus me nyuam ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom yuav tsum nruj me ntsis kev txaus siab.