Ferrous co: teb, cia. ferrous metallurgy

Co - nws yeej yuav tsis poob nws qhov tseeb cov ntaub ntawv. Lawv yog lug siv nyob rau hauv lub tsev thiab nyob rau hauv kev lag luam. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tam sim no peb yees ua ib tug ntau ntawm txawv cawm, raws li nyob rau hauv uas lub tau cov ntaub ntawv uas yog tsis inferior nyob rau hauv zoo rau hlau. Txawm li cas los, lawv yuav tsis tau kiag li hloov. Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam lub ntseej thiab rooj vag, grates, manhole npog, cov cuab yeej thiab ntau tshaj ntawm ib yam dab tsi lwm tus.

Txawm tias yas, iav, silicone, polyethylene thiab polypropylene tau ua ib feem ntawm lub neej niaj hnub, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los hloov yuav tsum muaj lug ntawm lub heev heev cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub tsheb thiab lwm yam tsheb nyob rau hauv lwm co. Nws tsuas yog tsis tau.

Co ntawm lub Periodic System

Lub Periodic System of ntsiab co nyob ua txoj hauj lwm. Ntawm presently paub 117 txoj haujlwm uas muaj feem rau co ntau tshaj 90. Tag nrho cov ntsiab muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv nta uas tso cai rau koj yuav xa lawv mus rau lub pab pawg neeg ntawm cov hlau:

1. Peev xwm ntawm kev hluav taws xob tam sim no.
2. Muaj conductivity.
3. Malleable, zas, amenable dov rau hauv cov ntawv txheeb thiab hlau (tsis yog txhua txhua).
4. Muaj ib tug silvery sheen (tsuas yog tooj liab thiab kub).

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub kev thaj chaw ntawm txhua xws caij muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej, thiab hais tias ua rau nws xws li ib tug kev thov.

typology

Tag nrho co raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj kuj yuav muab faib ua peb cov chav kawm ntawv:

1. Dub.
2. Dawb lias.
3. Precious.

Rau uas tsis yog-ferrous co yog tag nrho tab sis precious thiab hlau. Hais tias yog, tooj liab, mercury, palladium, chromium, npib tsib xee, zinc, magnesium, poov hlau, txhuas, hmoov txhuas, tin, thiab hais txog.

Rau zoo zoo nkauj tshooj muaj xws li cov nram qab no:

• nyiaj;
• kub;
• platinum.

Ferrous co - uas lawv kho li cas?

Nyob rau hauv cov hoob kawm no muaj xws li:

• hlau thiab tag nrho nws cov alloys;
• manganese;
• chrome;
• vanadium;
• titanium;
• thiab uranium actinides (thorium, plutonium, neptunium, thiab lwm tus);
• tungsten;
• alkali hlau.

Hais tias yog, los ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub qhia txog cov ferrous co nyiaj rau ib tug me me feem. Thiab yeej tsis feem ntau (tshwj tsis yog hlau) yog pom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab thiab sab hauv.

Tab sis txawm lub fact tias cov ferrous co uas hais nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov ob peb cov ntsiab, lawv yog heev heev thiab voluminous nyob rau hauv ntau lawm thiab ua. Nyhav ntawm cov khoom, qhov chaw, accessories ua precisely ntawm cov iron thiab nws alloys.

Ferrous co yog nws kim heev txaus thiab demanded tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj teb no. Extraction thiab ua cov hlau - ib tug cutting-edge kev thiab economic teeb meem nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws, nrog rau Russia.

Deposits ntawm ferrous co ntawm cov ntiaj chaw

hlau lawm scale Qib thawj ntawm tag nrho cov hlau. Nws yuag cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov xwm, xws li nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab, kwv yees billions. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, raws li kws txawj, ib tug neeg mus rau hnub tim tau sab tsuas yog ib puas billion tons.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog lub ntiaj teb deposits ntawm ferrous co, feem ntau hlau, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias lawv yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov continents, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qhov chaw hauv lub ntiaj teb no, tsuas yog cov huab sab qaum teb point. Lub faib los ntawm lub teb chaws ib yam li cov nram qab no (nyob rau hauv nqis kev txiav txim):

• Zog ntawm Guj kuj (txog plaub caug feem pua ntawm lub ntiaj teb reserves);
• Brazil;
• Australia;
• Canada;
• US;
• Tuam Tshoj;
• Is Nrias teb;
• Sweden.

Deposits nyob rau hauv Russia

Lavxias teb sab ferrous co muaj nyob rau hauv txhua loj-scale tsoom fwv teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv.

1. Central Federal District (Kurskaia magnetic anomaly) - tshaj 59%.
2. Urals Federal District - 14%.
3. Siberian District - 13%.
4. Far - 8%.
5. Northwestern Federal District - 4%.
6. Volga - 0.5%.

Nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv yog lub tuam txhab, uas yog nqa ferrous metallurgy. Zog ntawm Guj kuj yog qhov tseeb cov thawj coj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no rau qhov ntsuas no, thiab, txiav txim los ntawm lub reserves, yog li nws yuav mus txuas rau ib tug ntev heev lub sij hawm.

extraction ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas

ferrous hlau ntau lawm yuav ob peb nyuab kauj ruam cov txheej txheem. Firstly, ferrous co tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg daim ntawv no, thiab cov ib feem ntawm lub ore (manganese, hlau thiab thiaj li nyob). Yog li ntawd, ua ntej peb tau txais hlau yuav tsum tau rho tawm los ntawm lub ntiaj teb pob zeb - ore.

Qhov no tus txheej txheem no ua los ntawm cov tsuas kev lag luam. Yog li ores muaj hlau, yuav tau noo thiab cov nplua nuj los yog ntshiv rau tus hlau. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib daim muab rau tshuaj tsom xam tsim ore tom qab extraction. Yog hais tias cov hlau cov ntsiab lus yog ntau tshaj 57-60%, ces lub lag luam tseem. Yog hais tias tsawg dua, mam li tso tseg los yog txav mus rau lwm lub cheeb tsam los nrhiav ntau high-qib ore. Txwv tsis pub, tus txheej txheem no tsuas yog kev lag kev luam unprofitable.

Cov theem tom ntej, uas yuav zus tau tej cov ferrous hlau - yog ua ntawm rho ore ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb nroj tsuag. Qhov no tus txheej txheem no hu ua metallurgy. Nws yuav ua tau ntawm ob peb hom:

1. Hydrometallurgy - raws li technology nyob rau hauv ore extraction thiab ua yog txoj kev siv cov dej. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm leaching co ntawm cov ore dhau mus rau hauv cov tshuaj, thiab ces rho los ntawm eletroliza nyob hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv. Zog thiab cov ntaub ntawv, cov qauv no yog kim kim, li ntawd nws yog siv tsuas yog rau cov tshwj xeeb hlau.
2. Pyrometallurgy - lub hauv paus rau kev siv ntawm cov hluav taws cov khoom. Thaum tshav kub kub kev kho mob ore nyob rau hauv lub moj tej tawg furnaces siv ib tug coked thee. Feem ntau txoj kev ore ua thiab hlau rov qab. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub steel kev lag luam.
3. Biometallurgy. Raws li qhov kev txiav txim uas muaj sia nyob, nws yog cia li pib mus yuav nkag tau rau hauv kev xyaum, tsim biotechnology. Ntawm kab hauv qab no muaj peev xwm ntawm ib co kab mob mus rau extract co nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lub neej los ntawm cov ore.

ua

Thaum lub ua tsob nroj mined ores muaj ferrous co, yog yuav muaj kev ceev faj kev kho mob. Tag nrho cov dab yog thaws rov los nyob rau hauv lub rooj hauv qab no.

txheej txheem	Lub essence ntawm tus txheej txheem	tshwm sim
1. Ore	Nkauj nraug ib feem ntawm cov ore muaj hlau, los ntawm cov gangue. Nws yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm peb txoj kev: magnetic (ferromagnetic hlau-raws li); lub ntiajteb txawj nqus (hauv paus - sib txawv ceev thiab npliag-nplua nuj pob zeb); flotation (raws li nyob rau kev siv dej nrog ib tug foaming tus sawv cev).	Yuav kom muab ntshiab, nplua nuj ferrous hlau substrate, uas yog xa mus rau ntxiv ua.
2. Agglomeration	Ore sintering txheej txheem. Ua kom tau ntshiab cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis muaj impurity gases thiab tej plua tshauv thiab thiaj li nyob.	Tau peb hom ore ua: sintered ore (ci siab kub tsis muaj cua nkag); Lub sib cais (lim sib cais); okatyshnaya (loj uas muaj hlau fluxes).
3. moj tej tawg cub tawg txheej txheem	Coking ore nyob rau hauv lub moj tej tawg cub tawg rau kev siv raws li roj thiab hlau txo neeg sawv cev ntawm thee los ntawm nws cov oxides.	Tau ntshiab hlau twb fused nrog cov pa roj carbon tsim steel yog tias tsim nyog.

Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas yog tau txais hlau thiab nws alloys. Qhov siab tshaj plaws cov ntaub ntawv uas cov nqi siv rau cov kev npaj thiab kev siv ntawm coke (thee). Hais tias nws yog ib tug txo neeg sawv cev rau hlau, roj, Thaum tshav kub kub qhov twg los, cov pa roj carbon tsum. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub piav cov txheej txheem siv ib tug ncaj loj npaum li cas ntawm nws, li no ntau dua cov nyiaj ntsuab nqi.

cia tej yam kev mob

Rau ferrous co, feem ntau koom hlau thiab nws alloys. Nws yuav tsum tau to taub hais tias qhov no yog ib tug heev tsis ruaj tsis khov khoom corrosion. Yog li ntawd, dub hlau cia yuav tsum tau ua raws li tej yam kev cai, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias nws tsis yog hais txog lug thiab cov khoom, thiab lub thiaj li hu ua ferrous seem (pov tseg, tawg tais, los xij, rods, fittings thiab thiaj li nyob):

1. Cov chav tsev nyob rau hauv uas cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum tau kiag li kaw los ntawm dej ingress (nag, daus). Lub sab hauv lub humidity, ntev txee lub neej.
2. Lub ib ncig ntawm lub warehouse yuav tsum loj, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom lub nplooj qauv ntawm ferrous co cai tom ntej no mus rau txhua lwm yam, raws li qhov no yuav ua rau muaj mob thaum ntxov corrosion.
3. Tag nrho cov muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum tau txheeb los ntawm hom thiab loj.

Los ntawm cov nram qab no cov kev cai yooj yim, koj yuav ua tau raws li ntev li sai tau mus tswj yus tus kheej cov txheej txheem ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov hlau lug.

ferrous hlau alloys

Rau cov neeg txais hlau alloys, uas yog muab faib ua ob peb hom:

1. Steel. Ferrous hlau alloyed nrog carbon, muab cov nram qab no tshwm sim.
2. Hlau. Basic hlau, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub moj tej tawg furnaces nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntawm ore, yog lig unsuitable raws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas rau zus tau tej cov cuab yeej siv thiab tsev neeg cov khoom. Nws yog ib yam nkaus thiab lub cev tsis kho. Nws yuav tsum tau ntxiv tiav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hlau saturation thiab cov pa roj carbon, tau zoo heev check cov ntaub ntawv uas. Tsis tas li ntawd lwm yam hais ntxiv rau txhim khu xeb kuj thiab txhim kho kev kawm.
3. Ferroalloys (silicocalcium, ferrochrome, ferrosilicon, silicomanganese). Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov alloys - Performance kev txhim kho ntawm lub kawg khoom.

steel

Foremost ntawm tag nrho cov alloys ferrous co tshem tawm steel. Niaj hnub no kawm tau mus cuag tseem ceeb heev tau nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov no cov ntaub ntawv uas nrog predetermined zog tseem ceeb heev. Qhov no zoo ntawm fusion - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj rau kev ua lag luam, muab hais tias lub ferrous hlau. Yuav ua li cas pib los mam?

1. Me me - siv rau zus tau tej cov ntau yam cuab yeej.
2. Stainless hlau (xws li yeeb nkab siab, refractory qhov chaw, tej cuab yeej, welded cov khoom thiab hais txog).
3. Ferritic chrome.
4. Martensite-chrome.
5. Doped.
6. Npib tsib xee.
7. Chrome.
8. Chrome-vanadium.
9. Tungsten.
10. Molybdenum.
11. Manganese.

Los ntawm Title tseeb hais tias cov Cheebtsam yog muab ntxiv rau ib tug sib tov ntawm cov iron thiab cov pa roj carbon nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ratio. Qhov no muaj feem xyuam rau ib tug tseem ceeb kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub thaj chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau.

theem nrab co

Tu siab, raws li peb yuav tau nyiam, tej yam uas yuav tsis kav mus ib txhis. Thaum lub sij hawm, txhua yam los mus rau hauv disrepair - tawg yeej, tau cov laus thiab tawm ntawm kev zam. Yog li ntawd nws yog nrog designs ua los ntawm ferrous hlau. Steel, cam khwb cia hlau thiab lwm yam khoom, qhov chaw tsuas tsis xav tau.

Ces lawv mus zaum rau ib tug tshwj xeeb enterprise koom nyob rau hauv lub processing ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv tau tuaj mus rau hauv disrepair. Tam sim no nws yog dub hlau theem nrab. Hais tias yog dab tsi yog hu ua tus ua tsis tau tejyam thiab ruaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev hlau cov khoom ua los ntawm ferrous hlau.

Cov tuam txhab uas muag, uas nqa tawm tus sau los ntawm seem, yuav tsum tau ua raws li uas muaj tej yam kev cai nyob rau hauv nws cia, export thiab muag khoom. Cov kev cai ntawm peb lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem yog teem rau GOST. Ferrous co, raws li zoo raws li xim, yog nruj me ntsis tshuaj los ntawm txoj cai lij choj.

Secondary co yuav siv thiab re-pib lawm. Nws yog rau cov muag khoom rau tej lub hom phiaj, thiab yuav mus ferrous seem co neeg ua lag luam intermediaries.

Niaj hnub no, mus ferrous co yog kho nrog kev sib hwm, lawv nyob ib leading txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov khoom ua lag luam.

Kev siv cov engineering

Steel thiab cam khwb cia hlau khoom, Cheebtsam, thiab ntau yam pab kiag li lawm yog cov feem ntau lug siv nyob rau hauv engineering. Lawv demand tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, qhov khoos kas aerospace manufacturing, thiab shipbuilding. Tag nrho cov no ua tsaug rau qhov tshwj xeeb muaj dag muaj zog ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, lawv kub kuj thiab corrosion kuj. Ferrous co yog cov puag cov ntaub ntawv uas rau zus tau tej cov ntau hom ntawm cov khoom. Ntawm cov feem ntau yog:

• sab iav cover;
• bearings;
• li qub;
• fittings;
• bushings;
• kav;
• Tsheb thooj voos kheej kheej thiab lwm yam tsheb;
• zog;
• saw mus rau tsheb laij;
• nres drums;
• carriage;
• npog thiab hais txog.

Daim ntawv yuav mus nyob rau hauv mus ib txhis, vim hais tias cov khoom ntawm ferrous co thiab lawv alloys yog tseeb ntau.

Daim ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lwm yam lag luam

Muaj ntau ntau yam loj tej thaj chaw nyob rau hauv uas ferrous co yog siv:

1. Tshuaj kev lag luam.
2. Neeg kho tshuab engineering.
3. Siv thiab ua cov rooj tog zaum, tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj.
4. Qhov teeb meem tais diav.
5. Raug cov yam ntxwv qhov chaw.

Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, tsis yog ib tug ua tiav daim ntawv teev, tiam sis tsuas yog feem ntau qhov chaw, uas dab tsi rau cov loj feem ntau ntawm cov khoom ntawm ferrous metallurgy.