Endotoxin - ib tug ... Exotoxins thiab endotoxins

Nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov kingdoms ntawm xwm muaj ib leeg-celled kab mob, cov kab mob cais nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev. Feem ntau ntawm hom tsim tshwj xeeb tshuaj tebchaw - exotoxins thiab endotoxins. Lawv faib tawm, lub zog thiab lub hwj tib neeg lub cev yuav tsum xyuas nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Yuav ua li cas yog toxins

Tshuaj (mas protein xwm los yog lipopolysaccharide), secreted kab mob cell mus rau hauv lub extracellular kua tom qab nws tuag - yog ib tug kab mob endotoxin. Yog hais tias nyob prokaryotic kab mob ua tshuaj lom tshuaj rau hauv lub party cell, nyob rau hauv microbiology, xws tebchaw hu ua exotoxins. Lawv muaj ib tug ntsoog loj heev ntxim rau cov tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob, namely: inactivate lub enzyme system ntawm lub cellular theem, txhob cuam tshuam metabolism. Endotoxin - ib tug tshuaj lom, muab ua nyhuv on nyob hlwb, thiab nws cov concentration yuav ua tau heev me me. Nyob rau hauv microbiology paub txog 60 tebchaw faib kab mob hlwb. Cia peb xav txog lawv nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Lipopolysaccharide xwm ntawm cov kab mob tshuaj lom

Zaum tau pom tias endotoxin - ib yam khoom ntawm lub cleavage ntawm cov txheej membrane ntawm gram-tsis zoo kab mob. Nws yog ib tug complex muaj ib tug complex carbohydrate thiab ib tug lipid uas ua num ua ke nrog ib tug kev zoo ntawm cell receptors. Qhov no kev twb kev txuas muaj peb qhov chaw: lipid A, antigen thiab ib tug oligosaccharide molecule. Nws yog thawj tivthaiv, tau txais mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, ua feem ntau ua hauj lwm, raws li los ntawm tag nrho cov cim mob lom: dyspeptic phenomena, hyperthermia, txhab ntawm lub hauv paus poob siab system. Kab mob ntawm cov ntshav endotoxin tshwm sim li sai tau hais tias lub cev muaj taub dej khawb rau poob siab.

Lwm yam ntxwv caij belongs rau endotoxin - yog ib tug oligosaccharide muaj heptose - C ₇ H ₁₄ O _7. Tswv yim nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, cov central disaccharide kuj tseem ua intoxication, tab sis yam tshaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib cuag nrog cov ntshav lipid A.

Los ntawm raug endotoxins nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev

Cov feem ntau txim ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kab mob toxins rau lub hlwb yog trombogemorragichesky syndrome thiab lub taub dej khawb poob siab. Tus thawj hom pathology tshwm sim los ntawm kev nkag mus kawm cov ntshav tshuaj - toxins txo nws coagulation. Qhov no ua rau ntau yam khoom hauv nrog cev puas tsuaj, muaj raws ntawm connective cov ntaub so ntswg - parenchyma, xws li mob ntsws, kab mob siab, thiab ob lub raum. Lawv parenchyma tshwm sim ntau los ntshav, thiab nyob rau hauv loj heev zaum - los ntshav. Lwm hom kab mob uas tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm cov kab mob toxins - yog lub taub dej khawb poob siab. Nws ua rau yus kev ua txhaum ntawm cov ntshav thiab cov qog ntshav, cov teebmeem uas yog kev ua txhaum ntawm cov pa thauj thiab as-ham rau siab ntsws tseem ceeb thiab ntaub so ntswg: lub hlwb, lub ntsws, ob lub raum, lub siab.

Ib tug neeg tuaj tos sharply rau lub neej-hem cov tsos mob xws li ib tug sai poob nyob rau hauv cov ntshav siab, hyperthermia thiab sai heev tsim mob plawv insufficiency. Ceev kho mob kev pab (tuav lawm thiab tshuaj tua kab mob) suppresses endotoxin nyhuv thiab sai sai tshem tawm nws los ntawm lub cev.

Otherness exotoxins

Ua ntej peb yuav paub qhov meej ntawm no hom ntawm cov kab mob tshuaj lom, peb rov qab hais tias endotoxin - qhov no yog ib tug ntawm lub Cheebtsam ntawm ib tug lysate ntawm lub cell phab ntsa ntawm gram-tsis zoo kab mob tuag. Exotoxins tsim los ntawm nyob prokaryotic hlwb: ob gram-zoo thiab gram-tsis zoo. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg qauv, lawv yog heev me me cov nqaijrog nrog molecular ceeb thawj. Ib tug yuav hais tias cov loj kev soj ntsuam ces tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm kis kab mob tshwm sim los precisely lethality exotoxins uas yog tsim vim lub metabolism ntawm feem ntau cov kab mob.

Microbiological kev tshawb fawb muaj proven lub siab virulence ntawm no hom ntawm cov kab mob toxins, raws li muab piv rau endotoxin. Lub causative ua hauj lawm ntawm tetanus, hnoos, mob qa hawj foob tsim tej yam tshuaj lom uas muaj protein ntau cov xwm. Lawv muaj thermolability thiab puas yog cov cua kub nyob rau hauv lub chav los ntawm 70 mus 95 degrees Celsius rau 12-25 feeb.

hom exotoxins

Suam ntawm cov hom ntawm cov kab mob toxins ua nyob rau hauv hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov nyhuv rau lub cell qauv. Piv txwv li, qhov txawv membranotoksiny, lawv txhob cuam tshuam txog cov tswv tsev cell week los yog ua txhaum diffusion thiab active thauj ntawm ions dua los ntawm daim nyias nyias bilayer. Muaj kuj cytotoxins. Nws tshuaj lom sawv hlwb hyaloplasm thiab thab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm assimilation thiab dissimilation tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cellular metabolism. Lwm yam tebchaw - tshuaj lom "ua hauj lwm" raws li enzymes, e.g., hyaluronidase (neuraminidase). Lawv suppress lub cev ntawm tus neeg, uas nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov lymphocytes, monocytes thiab macrophages nyob rau hauv lub qog. Txij li thaum protease txav tiv thaiv cov tshuaj, thiab Lecithinase cleaves lecithin, ib feem ntawm lub paj fibers. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm bioimpulsov, thiab raws li ib tug tsim nyog tau, mus rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub innervation hauv nruab nrog cev thiab cov nqaij mos.

Cytotoxins yuav ua raws li detergents, yog li muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov kev ntseeg ntawm cov lipid txheej membrane ntawm tus tswv tsev cell. Ntxiv mus, lawv yuav tau mus ua txhaum down, raws li tug neeg lub hlwb nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab lawv associates - cov ntaub so ntswg uas yuav ua tau lub tsim ntawm biogenic amines, uas yog cov khoom ntawm metabolic tshua thiab seeb lom zog.

Lub mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kab mob toxins

Microbiological kev tshawb fawb tau tsim hais tias endotoxin - ib tug complex qauv muaj ob molecular chaw. Keeb kwm lom tshuaj hniav rau ib tug cell receptor, thiab lub thib ob splitting membrane nws nkag mus rau ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub hlwb hyaloplasm. Nws taug blocks lub metabolic tshua: protein biosynthesis noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub ribosomes, ATP synthesis uas yog nqa tawm los ntawm mitochondria, replication ntawm nucleic acids. Lub siab virulence ntawm cov kab mob peptides, los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm cov tshuaj qauv ntawm lawv molecules, vim lub fact tias ib txhia ntawm cov taug loci disguised spatial qauv ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub cell, xws li neurotransmitters, cov tshuaj hormones thiab enzymes. Qhov no pub rau cov taug "rau circumvent cellular defense system" thiab sai heev txeem mus rau hauv nws cov cytoplasm. Yog li, lub cell yog disarmed ua ntej kab mob tus kab mob, txij li thaum lub peev xwm los tsim loses nws tus kheej tiv thaiv tshuaj: interferon, gamma-globulin, tshuaj. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias thaj chaw ntawm endotoxins thiab exotoxins yog zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv hais tias ob hom kab mob toxins ua rau tej hlwb nyob rau hauv lub cev, uas yog, muaj lub siab tseem.