Eastern Slavic pab pawg neeg thiab cov neeg zej zog: cov keeb kwm, nta thiab nthuav tseeb

Ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm cov Slavic neeg, tsawm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog, ib ncig ntawm lub East European Tiaj, tsim los ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm East Slavic pab pawg neeg (lawv yog markedly txawv los ntawm yav qab teb thiab Western Slavs). Qhov no conglomerate alongside ib tug ntau ntawm cov neeg sib txawv.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lub Eastern Slavs

Niaj hnub nimno archeology muaj tag nrho cov tsim nyog cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim mus rau ntsiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov twg thiab yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv lub Eastern Slavic pab pawg neeg thiab cov neeg zej zog. Yuav ua li cas rau thaum ntxov medieval lub zej zog? Txawm nyob rau hauv Roman lub sij hawm nruab nrab Slavic tswm rau Vistula thiab lub Dniestre. Ntawm no pib lub colonization ntawm sab hnub tuaj - lub teb chaws uas niaj hnub Russia thiab Ukraine.

Lub V thiab VII cc. Slavs tswm nyob rau hauv lub Dnieper cheeb tsam, sab los ntawm sab nrog Antes. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VIII, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug haib tshiab tsiv teb tsaws yoj tsim lwm kab lis kev cai - Romny. Nws muaj twb northerners. Cov Eastern Slavic pab pawg neeg thiab cov neeg zej zog tswm dej Seym dej ntws Desna thiab Sula. Lwm yam "cov txheeb ze" ntawm lawv featured nqaim ntsej muag. Northerners tswm nyob rau hauv copses thiab liaj teb, txiav qhov forests thiab swamps.

Lub colonization ntawm lub Volga thiab Oka

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VI, pib lub colonization ntawm lub Eastern Slavs ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm Lavxias teb sab qaum teb thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov Volga thiab cov Oka. Ntawm no migrants yuav ntsib nrog ob pab neeg ntawm cov neeg nyob ze - lub Balts thiab cov Finno-Ugric. Tus thawj mus rau lub northeast tsiv krivichi. Lawv tsawm nyob rau hauv lub Upper Volga. North infiltrated Ilmen Slovenes, uas nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Dawb lub pas dej. Ntawm no lawv ces yuav tsum Pomorie. Tsis tas li ntawd ilmentsy tswm pas Mologa thiab Volga Yaroslavl. Ua ke nrog cov pab pawg neeg tov thiab qhuas.

Eastern Slavic pab pawg neeg thiab cov neeg zej zog muab qhia lub kawm Moscow thiab cov Ryazan Region. Muaj colonizers vyatichi, rau ib tus twg lesser - lub northerners thiab radzimichy. Muaj pab thiab Don Slavs. Vyatichi mus txog Prony dej thiab tsawm ntawm tus ntug dej ntawm lub Moscow River. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm cov colonizers twb tuam tsev rings. Raws li nws, archaeologists tau qhia thiab Vyatichi resettlement cheeb tsam. Northeast Russia attracted migrants ruaj khov ua liaj ua teb puag thiab cov kev pab ntawm furs, twb ua tsis tau tejyam nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub Slavic kev sib hais haum. City - ntau (Finno-Ugric) - ob peb thiab tsis ntev zoo ntawm cov Slavs los yog raug ntiab tawm los ntawm lawv farther sab qaum teb.

Eastern cov neeg nyob ze

Populating lub sab sauv nce mus txog ntawm lub Volga, lub Slavs los ua neeg nyob ib ncig ntawm lub Volga Bulgarians. Lawv nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Tatarstan. Koom pheej xam tau tias yog lawv feem ntau northerly cov neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, mus xyaum Islam. Cov peev ntawm lub nceeg vaj Volga Bulgars yog lub nroog ntawm Great Bulgaria. Nws fort yog tseem sawv. Tub rog clashes nruab nrab ntawm cov Volga Bulgarians thiab sab hnub tuaj Slavs pib nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm ib zaug xwb, centralized Russia, qhov chaw uas nws cov tuam txhab tau ceased mus yuav nruj me ntsis pab pawg neeg. Tsis sib haum alternated nrog lub sij hawm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. Thaum lub sij hawm no, lucrative lag luam raws tus zoo River coj tseem ceeb cov nyiaj tau los rau ob sab.

Resettlement ntawm Eastern Slavic pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv nws cov sab hnub tuaj ciam teb rau lwm kuj faus nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nyob hauv Npanpiloo los ntawm cov Khazars. Cov neeg no, zoo li lub Volga Bulgarians yog Turkic. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub Khazars yog neeg Yudais, hais tias nws yog heev txawv txawv rau kev kawm cov teb chaws Europe. Lawv tswj tseem ceeb chaw uas zoo heev los ntawm lub Don mus rau lub Caspian hiav txwv. Lub plawv ntawm lub Khazar Khanate yog nyob rau hauv lub qis nce mus txog ntawm lub Volga, qhov twg nyob ze niaj hnub Astrakhan muaj Khazar capital ntawm Itil.

Western cov neeg nyob ze

Lub thaj ciam ntawm lub zos ntawm sab hnub tuaj Slavs xam tau tias yog Volyn. Los yeej muaj mus rau lub Dnieper nyob Duleby - ib tug alliance ntawm ob peb pab pawg neeg. Archeologists kaj nws mus rau lub Prague-korchak kab lis kev cai. Cov alliance muaj Volhynians, drevlyans, Dregovichi thiab tshem. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VII, lawv ciaj lub Avar ntxeem tau.

Eastern Slavic pab pawg neeg thiab cov neeg zej zog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv lub steppe cheeb tsam. West pib ib ncig ntawm lub Western Slavs, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov Tug. Relations nrog lawv qub tom qab lub creation ntawm Russia thiab Vladimir Svyatoslavich tu Orthodoxy. Lub Tug tau ua kevcai raus dej nyob rau hauv lub Catholic rite. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv thiab sab hnub tuaj Slavs yog ib tug nriaj tsis tau tsuas yog rau Volyn, tab sis kuj Galicia.

Cov tawm tsam nrog cov Pechenegs

Eastern Slavs nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub pagan pab pawg neeg tsis muaj peev xwm mus colonize Dub hiav txwv cheeb tsam. Ntawm no xaus lub thiaj-hu ua "Great steppe" - steppe cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm Eurasia. Dub hiav txwv cheeb tsam attracted ib tug ntau yam ntawm nomads. Nyob rau hauv lub IX xyoo pua muaj tswm Pechenegs. Cov hordes ntawm nyob nruab nrab ntawm Russia, Bulgaria, Hungary thiab Alan.

Entrenched nyob rau hauv lub dub hiav txwv, rhuav tshem cov steppes Pechenegs tswm kab lis kev cai. Xwb Transnistrian Slavic (Tivertsy) thiab Don Alani. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua X pib ntau Lavxias teb sab-Pecheneg tsov rog. Peb yuav tsis tau txais nrog rau txhua lwm yam Eastern Slavic pab pawg neeg thiab cov neeg zej zog. SIV Bajanaks them ib tug ntau ntawm cov xim, uas yog tsis xav tsis thoob. Cov ferocious nomads nyob xwb vim looting thiab tau harassing cov neeg ntawm Kiev thiab Pereyaslavets. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw tuaj ib tug txawm ntau formidable yeeb ncuab - Polovtsy.

Slavs nyob rau hauv lub Don

Slavs pib massively tsim nruab nrab Don cheeb tsam ntawm lub lem ntawm lub VIII - IX centuries. Thaum lub sij hawm no muaj tshwm sim monuments Borshevsky kab lis kev cai. Nws tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cwj pwm (ceramics, ua phooj ywg, kev pe hawm ib co kua nplaum) qhia tau hais tias lub Don colonizers tuaj ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub poob-teb chaws Europe. Don Slavs twb tsis northerners los yog vyatichi, soj ntsuam assumed txog thaum nyuam qhuav. Nyob rau hauv lub IX xyoo pua raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub infiltration ntawm cov pejxeem tau kis nyob rau hauv lawv ib tug faus rite ntawm kev faus, uas yog zoo tib yam vyatichskomu.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua X Lavxias teb sab Slavs thiab cov neeg zej zog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam dim lub predatory raids Pechenegs. Muaj ntau sab laug thiab xa rov qab mus rau lub Don cheeb tsam Pooche. Uas yog vim li cas peb yuav hais tias cov Ryazan av nyob rau ntawm ob sab - los ntawm lub yav qab teb steppes thiab los ntawm cov sab hnub poob. Rov qab los ntawm lub Slavs nyob rau hauv lub Don phiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub XII caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no, nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm tus tshiab colonizers ua nws mus rau lub pas dej ua ke Bityug dej thiab tag mastered pas dej ua ke Voronezh River.

Tom ntej no mus cov Balts thiab cov Finno-Ugric

Slavic pab pawg neeg Radimichi Vyatichi thiab sab by sab nrog lub Balts - lub inhabitants ntawm tam sim no-hnub Lithuania, Latvia thiab Estonia. Lawv haiv neeg tau txais ib co heev nta. Qhov no yog tsis xav tsis thoob. Eastern Slavic pab pawg neeg thiab cov neeg zej zog, nyob rau hauv luv luv, tsis tsuas muag, tab sis kuj pab cov ethnogenesis txhua lwm yam. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv qhov kev koom ntawm Vyatichi archaeologists tau pom unnatural rau lwm yam pab pawg neeg caj dab hryvnia.

Ib hom ntawm Slavic kab lis kev cai tau tsim ib ncig lub Balts thiab cov Finno-Ugric haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub pas dej Pskov. Muaj ntev ncej-zoo li mounds, uas hloov lub burial hauv thaj av. Tej ua xwb zos East Slavic pab pawg neeg thiab cov neeg zej zog. Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm pam tuag kuj enables cov tub txawg kom huv si tau paub yav dhau los ntawm Lwm Haiv Neeg. Pskov pog koob yawg koob ua av nkag mus tsev nrog qhovcub los yog tsev av ncu (contrary rau kev cai ntawm rau yav qab teb ib nrab-dugouts). Lawv kuj koom nyob rau hauv luaj-thiab-hlawv ua liaj ua teb. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias Pskov ntev barrows kis mus rau Podvinye Polotsk thiab Smolensk Dnieper. Cov cheeb tsam tus ntawm cov Balts yog tshwj xeeb yog muaj zog.

Cawv ntawm cov neeg nyob ze rau kev ntseeg thiab mythology

Zoo li ntau lwm haiv neeg ntawm Eastern Europe, Eastern Slavs nyob raws li cov yawg suab Hmoob system. Vim hais tias ntawm no, lawv tau los thiab txhawb cov tsev neeg cult thiab cov cult ntawm lub ntees tuag. Lub Slavs twb pagans. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj gods ntawm lawv pantheon xam tau tias yog Perun, Mokosh thiab Veles. Nyob rau Slavic mythology pab cov Celts thiab Iranians (Sarmatians, Scythians thiab Alans). Cov parallels tau qhia nyob rau hauv cov dluab ntawm lub gods. Yog li ntawd, Dazhbog zoo xws li cov Celtic vajtswv Dagda thiab Mokosh zoo xws li cov maha.

Peb muaj ntau yam nyob rau hauv ntau pagan Slavs thiab cov neeg zej zog nyob rau hauv kev ntseeg. Keeb kwm ntawm lub Baltic mythology tau sab laug lub npe ntawm cov gods Perkunas (Perun) thiab Velnyasa (Vélez). Lub motif ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tsob ntoo thiab muaj cov zaj (nab Gorynycha) theem lub Slavic mythology thiab Norse. Tom qab ib tug tib zej zog twb muab faib ua ob peb pab pawg neeg, kev ntseeg tau pib kom tau regional sib txawv. Piv txwv li, cov pej xeem hauv Oka thiab Volga muaj lub cim los ntawm tus mythology ntawm lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg.

Qhev nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj Slavs

Raws li cov hauj lwm version, nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj Slavs, kev ua cev qhev yog ntau thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog. Cov neeg raug kaw tau noj, raws li ib txwm, nyob rau hauv kev tsov rog. Piv txwv li, lub Arabic sau ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm sib cav hais tias lub Eastern Slavs coj ntau qhev nyob rau hauv lub kev tsov kev rog nrog lub Hungarians (Magyars thiab, nyob rau hauv lem, twb npaum li cas raws li ib tug qhev yuav los ntawm lub Slavs). Qhov no lub teb chaws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj hauj lwm. Hungarian los ntawm kev yug me nyuam - lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg. Lawv migrated rau lub sab hnub poob thiab nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ib ncig rau hauv nruab nrab nce mus txog ntawm lub Danube. Yog li, lub Hungarians twb raws nraim ntawm rau yav qab teb, sab hnub tuaj thiab hnub poob Slavs. Nyob rau hauv no kev twb kev txuas yog ib tug ib txwm ua rog lawm.

Slavs yuav muag qhev nyob rau hauv Byzantium, Bulgaria los yog Volga Khazaria. Txawm tias feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj cov neeg yuav nyob rau hauv kev tsov kev rog ntawm neeg, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VIII muaj qhev nrog lawv tus kheej cov txheeb ze. Slav yuav tau mus ua qhev vim hais tias ntawm txoj kev ua txhaum los yog ua txhaum ntawm koom kawm.

Ntawm UFW ntawm txawv versions los mus tiv thaiv nws pom, raws li uas nyob rau hauv Russia qhev xws li tsis muaj. On qhov tsis tooj, nyob rau hauv cov pawg neeg thaj av qhev nrhiav vim hais tias ntawm no txhua leej txhua tus twb yog free, rau qhov Slavic paganism yog tsis dawb huv unfreedom (bondage, kev ua cev qhev) thiab kev sib raug zoo tsis sib xws.

Vikings thiab Novgorod

Cov tsab ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab xeev originated nyob rau hauv Novgorod. Nws twb nrhiav tau Ilmen Slovenes. Kom txog thaum lub IX xyoo pua, lawv zaj dab neeg yog paub heev sketchy thiab phem. Nyob ze lawv nyob Vikings, uas nyob rau hauv Western annals hu ua Vikings.

Scandinavian tseg tau kov yeej cov vajntxwv Ilmen Slovenes thiab yuam kom lawv them tribute. Novgorod cov neeg yuav nrhiav kev tiv thaiv neeg txawv teb chaws los ntawm lwm cov neeg nyob ze, dab tsi yog lub npe ntawm lawv cov commanders kav nyob rau hauv tsev. Yog li ntawd tus ntug dej ntawm lub Volkhov tuaj Rurik. Nws successor Oleg kov yeej Kiev thiab pw cov me nyuam yaus ntawm tus qub Lavxias teb sab xeev.