Earthenware - yog dab tsi? ua tais diav ntim chaws

Iav thiab earthenware - qhov no yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws (nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm manufacturability) ntau yam ntawm tej hub khoom. Rau ntau tshaj kaum tsib centuries, lawv yog siv rau zus tau tej cov tableware, souvenirs, sab hauv cov khoom, facade paub meej.

Yuav ua li cas yog nws - faience? Yuav ua li cas hom ntawm iav yog muaj? Yuav ua li cas tsim iav kev lag luam nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Russia? Cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no yuav muaj nyob rau hauv peb tsab xov xwm.

Earthenware - yog dab tsi? Lub keeb kwm ntawm earthenware

"Faience" - ib lo lus ntawm Italian keeb kwm. Nws yog ncaj qha mus txuas nrog lub nroog ntawm Faenza, uas tau ntev lawm ib tug tseem ceeb centre ntawm tej hub ntau lawm nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Yuav ua li cas yog nws - faience? Nws yog tuab thiab finely ntxeem tau tej hub tsab xov xwm. Feem ntau, nws muaj ib tug dawb cov xim thiab ib tug glaze them (pob tshab los yog npub).

Faience (raws li, tseeb, thiab iav) muaj plaub cov khoom xyaw. Qhov no Kaolin, quartz, Feldspar, pob av nplaum. Material tsis faib lub zog txaus, ces nws yog nplua mias rau npog glaze. Raws li cov muaj pes tsawg leeg paim ob peb hom tais diav ntim chaws:

• alumina;
• txiv qaub;
• fireclay;
• Feldspar (lub ntau yam yog feem ntau nrov).

Yog li, peb pom hais tias qhov no tais diav ntim chaws. Cov khoom no yog thawj lub sij hawm kawm mus ua cov Iyi thiab Suav (nyob ib ncig ntawm V century). Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog, tais diav ntim chaws ua nyob rau hauv Kauslim, Nyiv thiab Iran. Nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, "daim ntawv qhia" ntawm nws cov tuaj xwb nyob rau hauv lub XVI caug xyoo.

Rau hnub tim, qhov zoo tshaj plaws tais diav ntim chaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ua lub teb chaws xws li teb chaws Yelemees, Fabkis, Nyiv, UK, Tuam Tshoj thiab Ltalis.

Iav thiab nws cov variants

Lo lus "iav" los ntawm lub Persian faghfur. Qhov no zoo ntawm tej hub uas yog check, roj thiab dej kuj. Iav tau los ntawm firing kaolin nrog tas li ntawd ntawm Feldspar, quartz thiab ib co lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no, lub resulting cov ntaub ntawv uas yog dawb huv dawb, zoo nkauj thiab ringing.

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias iav "invented" Suav nyob rau hauv lub VI caug xyoo. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab ib txhiab xyoo ntawm raug technology lawm muaj rau Europeans. Ntev ua ntej nws tau txais mus rau Central Asia, lom zem ntau vim cov Txhob lo lo ntxhuav kev. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua XVII pib tsim iav nyob rau hauv America, thiab thaum pib ntawm XVIII - nyob rau hauv Russia.

Muaj peb hom kev iav, uas txawv ho nyob rau hauv zoo thiab lub ntsiab yam ntxwv:

• khoom (Reference iav tau los ntawm high kub firing, nws me ntsis opaque);
• pob txha (qhov no hom ntawm iav ua vim rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm ib tug sib tov ntawm tuag hlawv cov pob txha, nws yog khaub-ncaws nyias, pob tshab thiab check heev);
• mos (ib tug tshwj xeeb zoo ntawm iav uas sawv nce porosity thiab ib tug zoo nkauj qab zib xim).

Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ua tais diav ntim chaws

Earthenware, Tuam Tshoj thiab cov zoo li, manufactured los ntawm yuav luag tib lub Circuit Court. Technologically, nws yog ib tug theej nyuab txheej txheem, uas muaj xws li hais txog 80 yam kev ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv kev, ib tug yuav paub qhov txawv tsib lub ntsiab theem ntawm zus tau tej cov whiteware cov khoom:

1. Preparatory kauj ruam (nws nrog dej thiab ib tug kaolin av nplaum, crushing thiab kev sib tsoo pob zeb, yas loj npaj).
2. Tsim kom muaj cov khoom.
3. Kom Qhuav - yam ua ntej (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no) thiab zaum kawg.
4. Hlawv cov khoom (feem ntau siv ib tug ob-lub sij hawm cov kev muab cub).
5. Glazing thiab decorating khoom (painting yuav ua tau hauv- los yog glaze).

Cov iav yog yus muaj los ntawm tais diav ntim chaws?

Nyob rau hauv kev, iav yog tsis ntau sib txawv ntawm cov tais diav ntim chaws. Thiab ib tug inexperienced neeg yuav tsis yooj yim los mus txiav txim yog dab tsi zoo ntawm tais diav ntim chaws nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws. Ntawm no yog ob peb ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas yuav pab tau kom paub qhov txawv iav los ntawm tais diav ntim chaws:

• raws li ib feem ntawm earthenware av nplaum ntau npaum li cas (txog 85% ntawm tag nrho cov hnyav);
• thaum saib cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv lub teeb yuav ci los ntawm iav thiab earthenware - tsis muaj;
• Iav yog ib txwm ringing, txawm tias thaum ib lub teeb tapping, faience thiab kuj emits ib tug dull lub suab yog tsawg;
• thaum lub sij hawm, cov khoom ntawm earthenware them nrog tsev kab laug sab me me kab nrib pleb, nws tsis yog raug rau cov iav;
• Ceramic cov khoom uas feem ntau yog npaum li cas hnyav dua cov xws li cov khoom los ntawm iav;
• Iav yog ib txwm dawb, tab sis cov tais diav ntim chaws tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm ntxoov.

Iav kev lag luam nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Russia

Iav kev lag luam yog ib ceg ntawm lub teeb kev lag luam thiab specializes nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm zoo ceramics - tableware, figurines, crockery, sab hauv cov khoom thiab ntau yam souvenirs. Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws cov keeb kwm pib nyob rau hauv 1744 thaum thawj Hoobkas tau raug tsa nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua nyob ib ncig ntawm lub teb chaws, muaj cov twb kaum ntawm factories rau zus tau tej cov iav thiab earthenware. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet era, tus xov tooj ntawm tej tuam txhab uas muag tau peb npaug.

Niaj hnub no iav kev lag luam ntawm Russia yog yuav los ntawm nws zoo tshaj plaws lub sij hawm. Lub teb chaws muaj xwb 11 tuam txhab uas muag nyob rau hauv lub lag luam. Nws cog:

• Kislovodsk "iav Phoenix."
• Andreapolsky iav Hoobkas.
• "Iav Sysert".
• "Kuznetsovsky iav".
• Gzhel iav Hoobkas.
• PC "Dulevo iav".
• "Bashkir iav".
• "Iav Verbilok".
• Imperial iav Hoobkas.
• Rechitsky iav Hoobkas.
• PKF "Kubanfarfor".

Tus thawj coj ntawm iav ntau lawm nyob rau hauv Russia yog lub Imperial iav Hoobkas (IPF) nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Nws cov khoom uas muaj tau ntse exported rau ntau lub teb chaws. Khoom IPE nthuav tawm ntawm lub Hermitage, London thiab New York puas.