Critics ntawm tus tshiab "txiv thiab tub". Roman I. S. Turgeneva "txiv thiab tub" nyob rau hauv ib tug saib xyuas, critics

"Txiv thiab tub", zaj dab neeg ntawm creation uas yog feem ntau yog txuam nrog rau cov khoom, "Rudin", luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1855 - ib tug tshiab uas Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev rov qab mus rau hauv tus qauv ntawm no ua ntej ntawm nws creation.

Zoo li nws, nyob rau hauv "txiv thiab tub" tag nrho zaj dab neeg strands tuaj ua ke nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw, uas tsim nyob rau hauv daim duab ntawm Bazarov - plebeian Democrat. Nws yog do tag nrho cov critics thiab cov txawj nyeem ntawv. Muaj coob tus tau sau ntau yam critics ntawm tus tshiab "txiv thiab tub", txij li thaum cov khoom tau tshwm sim los zoo txaus siab thiab controversy. Ntsiab txaus nyob rau hauv relation mus no tshiab, peb yuav qhia rau koj nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

RESPONSIBILITIES duab Bazarova to taub cov khoom

Bazarov yog tsis tsuas qhov chaw ntawm cov zajlus ua hauj lwm, tab sis kuj problematic. Los ntawm nws kev nkag siab ntawm txoj hmoo thiab yog leejtwg tiag depended lom zem ntau kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm tag nrho cov lwm yam Romana Turgeneva: tus neeg sau txoj hauj lwm, ua cim systems, ntau yam artistic hom kev kawm uas siv nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm, "txiv thiab tub". Raws li lub taub hau ntawm lub critics xam tias yog qhov tshiab thiab pom nyob rau hauv nws ib tug tshiab twist nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Ivan Sergeyevich, tab sis nws yog heev txawv to taub lub ntsiab lus ntawm no landmark ua hauj lwm.

Yuav ua li cas cem Turgenev?

Ambivalence ntawm tus sau txoj kev xav mus rau nws hero coj mus rau lub censure thiab reproaches ntawm contemporaries. Turgenev brutally ua phem los ntawm tag nrho cov sab. Critics ntawm tus tshiab "txiv thiab tub" hais lus feem ntau tsis zoo. Muaj ntau cov txawj nyeem ntawv yuav tsis to taub lub tswv yim ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv. Los ntawm cov memoirs ntawm Annenkov, thiab ntawm Ivan Sergeyevich, peb kawm tau hais tias lub MN Katkov yog rov, nyeem cov ntawv sau ntawm "txiv thiab Tub" los ntawm tshooj. Nws txhob chim thiab lub fact tias cov protagonist ua hauj lwm reigns supreme thiab yog tsis pom nyob qhov twg paub tab paub xav kuj. Txawj nyeem ntawv thiab critics ntawm tawm tsam yeej tseem loj censured Ivan Sergeyevich rau lub domestic kev tsis sib haum, uas nws khaws cia nrog Bazarov nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "txiv thiab tub". Nws cov ntsiab lus ciali mus rau lawv tsis nkaus ywj pheej.

Feem ntau cov notable yog qhov tsab xov xwm ntawm MA cov ntau lwm yam txhais Antonovich, luam tawm nyob rau hauv "Kawm" ( "Asmodeus peb lub sij hawm"), raws li zoo raws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom uas tau nyob rau hauv lub magazine "Lavxias teb sab lo lus" (ywj pheej), teej tug mus rau tus cwj mem ntawm DI Pisarev, "xav proletariat," "realists," "Bazaar". Cov critics ntawm tus tshiab "txiv thiab tub" hais ob opposing views.

Pisarev tswv yim hais txog cov cim tseem ceeb

Tsis zoo li Antonovich, uas soj ntsuam heev tsis zoo Bazarov, Pisarev pom nyob rau hauv nws lub tam sim no "lub sij hawm ntawm tus hero." Qhov no critic tau piv no daim duab nrog rau cov "neeg tshiab", xwm li nyob rau hauv tus tshiab "ua li cas?" NG Chernyshevsky.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm "txiv thiab Tub" (cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tiam) nyob rau hauv nws cov khoom tuaj rau lub fore. Qhia los ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov kev ywj pheej kev taw qhia divergent views ntawm Turgenev lub chaw ua hauj lwm tau txais tau raws li "cais nyob rau hauv lub nihilists" - qhov tseeb ntawm sab hauv controversy uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev ywj pheej zog.

Antonovich ntawm Bazarov

Thiab cov txawj nyeem ntawv thiab critics ntawm "txiv thiab tub" ntxhov tsis los ntawm lub caij ob lo lus nug: txog tus sau txoj hauj lwm thiab lub prototypes dluab ntawm tus tshiab. Lawv tshwm sim tawm lub ob ncej, uas yog txhais thiab ntaus nqi tej hauj lwm. Nyob rau txoj kev ntseeg Antonovich, Turgenev yog mob-intentioned. Tus txhais lus ntawm Bazarov los ntawm cov critics, cov duab no yog tsis sau tawm "los ntawm lub neej" lub ntsej muag, thiab cov "kev phem ntsuj plig", "Asmodeus", uas yog tso tawm ib tug tshiab tiam ntawm npau taws txawj sau ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv feuilletonistic pab yam Antonovich tsab xov xwm. Lub critic es tsis muaj ib lub hom phiaj tsom xam ntawm tej hauj lwm tsim nyob rau hauv lub cim tseem ceeb tas luav, hloov Sitnikov, "thwjtim" Bazarov, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm nws tus kws qhia ntawv. Bazarov, raws li Antonovich, yog tsis artistic generalization, tsis yog ib tug iav, uas qhia cov hluas tiam. Critics hais tias tus neeg sau ntawm lub tshiab tsim ib tug tom lampoon, uas tus kwv yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv tib yam. Lub hom phiaj Antonovich - "sib cav sib ceg" nrog rau cov hluas tiam ntawm Turgenev - tau tau tiav.

Yuav ua li cas lawv yuav tsis zam txim rau Turgenev Democrats?

Antonovich nyob rau hauv lub subtext ntawm nws kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab ntxhib tsab xov xwm reproached tus sau hais tias nws tau muab tawm ib daim duab uas yog ib yam nkaus thiab "pom tau hais tias" raws li ib tug ntawm cov prototypes nws yog suav tias yog Hnub Yug. Sau xov xwm ntawm "Kawm", nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tus sau yuav tsis zam txim rau cov kis nrog rau cov magazine. Cov dab neeg "txiv thiab tub" tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub "Lavxias teb sab Gazette", ib tug conservative ntawv uas yog rau lawv ib tug kos npe rau ntawm qhov kawg so nrog kev cai ywj pheej Ivan Sergeyevich.

Souks nyob rau hauv "tiag tiag thuam"

Pisarev twb qhia lwm tus taw tes ntawm view txog lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Nws xam tau tias yog nws tsis raws li ib tug caricature ntawm ib co tib neeg, raws li tau zoo raws li ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub qho thaum tshiab sib raug zoo thiab ideological yam. Qhov no thuam yog cov tsawg kawg yog xav nyob rau hauv cov neeg sau txoj kev xav mus rau nws hero, raws li zoo raws li ntau yam yam ntxwv ntawm no artistic qhia daim duab. Pisarev Bazarov txhais nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua tiag tiag thuam. Nws qhia hais tias tus sau nyob rau hauv nws portrayal twb ntxub, tab sis heev hom Pisarev twb nyob mas - raws li ib tug "hero ntawm lub sij hawm." Nyob rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm hu ua "Bazarov" hais tias xwm nyob rau hauv lub tshiab, lub cim tseem ceeb, uas muaj tuaj raws li ib tug "tragic lub ntsej muag" - ib tug tshiab hom, uas yog tsis txaus cov ntaub ntawv. Lub ntxiv txhais lus ntawm cov thuam Bazarov tsoo kom deb ntau thiab ntau los ntawm lub dab. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov khoom "Lub xav proletariat" thiab "realists" nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm "Bazaar" nws tau raug hu ua hom era raznochinets-peb tuav, nyob rau hauv outlook yog nyob ze rau Pisarev.

Accusations ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees

Lub hom phiaj, twj ywm suab nrov ntawm Turgenev nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm lub protagonist ncauj accusations ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees. "Txiv thiab tub" - ib yam ntawm cov Turgenev lub "duel" nrog nihilists thiab nihilism, tab sis tus neeg sau twb tau ntsib tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau "code ntawm Honor": nws yuav hwm tus nrog sib ntaus nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj ncees sib ntaus, "tua" nws. Bazarov raws li ib tug cim ntawm txaus ntshai misconceptions, raws li Ivan Sergeyevich, yog ib tug tsim nyog tus nrog sib ntaus. Mockery thiab caricature, uas liam tus neeg sau ntawm ib co critics, lawv twb tsis siv, vim hais tias lawv yuav muab ib tug kiag li opposite tshwm sim, namely underestimating cov rog ntawm nihilism, nws yog ntsoog loj heev. Nihilists sim muab tso rau lawv cov lzhekumirov nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm "nyob mus ib txhis". Turgenev, recalling nws ua hauj lwm nyob hauv txoj kev Yevgeny Bazarov, sau KUV Saltykov-Shchedrin nyob rau hauv 1876 rau tus tshiab "txiv thiab tub", uas yog xav nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm creation ntawm ntau yam, hais tias nws yuav tsis tsimnyog yog vim li cas rau feem ntau ntawm cov txawj nyeem ntawv ntawm no cim tau yuav ib tug paub tsis meej, vim hais tias cov neeg sau tsis tau heev xav txog tej yam yuav ua li cas nws sau lawv. Turgenev hais tias nws paub tsuas yog ib yam: nws tsis yog nyob rau hauv nws ces tsis muaj kev sib, tsis muaj kev tsis ncaj ncees xav.

Txoj hauj lwm uas Turgenev

Critics ntawm tus tshiab "txiv thiab tub" hais lus feem ntau tug-ib tog, muab hnyav kev ntsuam xyuas. Meanwhile, Turgenev, raws li nyob rau hauv dhau novels, txhob saib, tsis ua cov lus xaus, txhob txwm tshaj tawm hides lub puab ntiaj teb no ntawm nws hero nyob rau hauv thiaj li tsis tso siab rau cov txawj nyeem ntawv. Cov teeb meem ntawm tus tshiab "txiv thiab tub" yog tsis nyob rau saum npoo av. Yog li ntawd straightforward los txhais lus critic Antonovich thiab Pisarev kiag li tsis quav ntsej cov neeg sau txoj hauj lwm yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub cuab ntxhiab ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, qhov xwm ntawm kev tsis sib haum. Tias lawv siv lub tswvyim ntawm Bazarov txoj hmoo los ntawm tus sau tej hauj lwm ntawm "txiv thiab tub", cov dluab ntawm uas tseem muaj teeb meem ntau yam kev soj ntsuam.

Eugene nyob rau hauv tsis sib haum nrog Pavel Petrovich unmoved, txawm li cas los, tom qab ib tug yooj yim "kev hlub xeem" inwardly tawg. Tus sau qhia txog "kev phem heev", txawj ntse tswvyim ntawm no hero, thiab cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tag nrho cov Cheebtsam hais tias ua li nws lub ntiaj teb. Bazarov - ib tug maximalist, uas ntseeg hais tias tus nqi muaj tej yam kev ntseeg, yog hais tias nws tsis hla rau lwm tus. Sai li sai tau raws li qhov no ua cim poob ib "link" rau hauv lub "saw" lub ntiaj teb no - tau reassessed thiab mas tag nrho cov lwm leej lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv qhov kawg, nws yog ib tug "tshiab" Bazarov, yog "Hamlet" ntawm cov nihilists.