Constructivism nyob rau hauv architecture

Constructivism hu ua avant-garde tiam sis nyob rau hauv architecture, arts and crafts thiab fine arts hauv kev thiab photography. Qhov no style tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1920 mus pib ntawm lub xyoo caum tom ntej.

Koj nta ntawm constructivism - lub rigor, laconic nrhiav, geometrizm thiab monolithic tsos. Constructivists txawm tsim nws cov nom muaj tswv yim lub koom haum thiab tsim lawv tus kheej haumxeeb tsim txoj kev. Cov kev uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug scientific tsom xam ntawm lub hauj lwm ntawm cov lug, vaj tse thiab ceg. Constructivism nyob rau hauv architecture fwm nyob rau hauv nws cov raug monuments - coj mus muag kitchens, palaces ntawm zog, neeg ua hauj lwm 'clubs, chaw, lub tsev uas tau ua nyob rau hauv cov hnub.

Cov tswv yim zoo nkaus li uas muab ib tug notion ntawm "constructivism", embodied tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv architecture, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm yam spheres ntawm tib neeg kev ua si, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov cheeb tsam no yog suav hais tias yog Soviet phenomenon, zoo li tej lwm yam rau nws tsis yog mus rau lub teb chaws ntawm lub qub USSR. Tej zaum rau ib co nws yuav xov xwm, tab sis lub harbinger ntawm style constructivism nyob rau hauv architecture no kuj yog Eiffel Tower, uas combines ob constructivist thiab modernist ntsiab.

Xws li ib tug khiav originated nyob rau hauv tas mus li nrhiav ib yam dab tsi tshiab. Innovators ntawm lub sij hawm uas tau muab cov rejection "kos duab rau daim duab lub hom phiaj", thiab ntseeg hais tias nws yuav tsum tau ua. Adherents ntawm no saib hu ua nyuab thiab architects los ua tib pab tau tej yam, yog li muab ib lub neej zoo nyob rau hauv xis lub zos. Lub sij hawm "constructivism" coj tuaj rau lub Lavxias teb sab lus theorists ntawm "ntau lawm art", lub ntsiab yog vim li cas yog lub nquag siv nyob rau hauv pamphlets thiab hais lus architects lo lus "constructive", "tsim", "tsim".

Lub architecture ntawm Constructivism, raws li zoo raws li lwm yam kev taw qhia, nws muaj nws brightest cov neeg sawv cev. Nws Leonid cov kwv tij, Victor thiab Alexander Vesnin, uas pom tau hais dais zoo nkauj ntawm no sib, twb tau ntsib cov kws tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov vaj tse, painting thiab tsim phau ntawv. cov kwv tij project sawv tawm nyob rau hauv cov kev sib tw Labor Palace tsev project nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Moscow. Meej pem kev npaj coj mus rau lub txheej lub ntsej muag uas niaj hnub kom zoo nkauj, kev siv ntawm qhov tseeb thiab kev tsim thiab lub tsev cov ntaub ntawv - tag nrho cov no yog cov impetus rau txoj kev loj hlob kev taw qhia ntawm "constructivism".

Architecture - lub tswvyim yog heev yooj yim, thiab lub theem tom ntej rau cov Vesnin yog me ntsis ntxiv nyuab yav dhau los. Yog li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum tau tsim ib lub tsev cov ntawv xov xwm "Leningradskaya Pravda" rau ib tug me me cuab ntxhiab ntawm av. Cov kwv tij teem ib tug me me rau-storey tsev, tab sis muaj yog txhua yam: chaw ua hauj lwm qhov chaw, thiab lub editorial chav tsev, thiab newsstand thiab chaw tos txais, thiab ib tug me me nyeem ntawv chav tsev, vim hais tias nws yog tus muaj peev xwm mus pab pawg neeg lub npaum li cas yuav tsum tau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug tshaj plaws - lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm lub Constructivists.

Raws li hais saum toj no, constructivism nyob rau hauv architecture tau nws tus kheej haumxeeb txoj kev. Raws li Constructivists, txhua cov nuj nqi raws nkaus Ii mus rau feem ntau muaj kuab qauv.

Muaj ib lub sij hawm thaum conservatives criticized rau tiv thaiv txoj cai rau siv cov tshuaj cov ntaub ntawv, tom qab ntawd nws twb txwv tsis pub. Lub Soviet Union yog ib tug active tawm tsam tiv thaiv bourgeois formalism thiab txoj cai ces kaum. Thaum lub Constructivists twb nyob rau hauv disgrace, ib co architects tau tsis nco qab lawm, thiab ib co - kom hloov mus rau cov kev hloov. Ib txhia Soviet scholars cam hais tias "postconstructivism" tuaj rau thaum lub sij hawm ua haujlwm.

Constructivism nyob rau hauv architecture ib zaug dua ua nws tus kheej muaj nyob rau hauv lub 60s, thaum lub tawm tsam nrog cov "architectural extravagances", thiab nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1990s, ib co disembodied tswv yim ntawm cov 20 lub los ua ib tug kev muaj tiag. Niaj hnub no nws yog tshaj qhia tshwm nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm nroog loj.