Cob phum txhua lub caij: txhais, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, sau ntawv thiab cov neeg txhawb. Leon Trotsky

Yuav ua li cas yog lub Permanent kiv puag ncig? Leej twg sau tau txog nws? Nyob rau cov no thiab lwm cov lus nug peb yuav teb nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov sij hawm no yog tswvcuab Leo Trotsky. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus, qhov no qhia tuaj ua tsaug G. V. Plehanovu, uas tau sau hais txog cov "tas mus li kiv puag ncig" nyob rau hauv lub 12th qhov teeb meem ntawm "Datebook Social-Democrat" (Lub rau hli ntuj 1910). Tus txiv neej no nrhiav tau lub Social-ywj pheej zog nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv nws sau, nws siv lub sij hawm Karla Marksa (1918-1883 xyoo) - tuag kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Permanenz (uninterrupted kiv puag ncig) hais tias nws tuaj mus nrog.

tsos

Yuav ua li cas puas tau tus kab lus "tas mus li kiv puag ncig"? Thaum xub thawj Trotsky nyob rau hauv 1905 nws tau sau hais txog cov "revolutionary pab" thiab "tas mus li kiv puag ncig" ( "The Beginning" cov ntawv xov xwm, Kaum ib hlis 8). Cov kab lus "tas mus li kiv puag ncig", nws pib siv tom qab Lub ob hlis ntuj 1917, thaum nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no, "Yuav ua li cas tom ntej no?" Luam tawm ib cov lus hais tias ntawm "tas mus li coup tiv thaiv mus tas li slaughter!". Nyob rau hauv 1932 nws luam tawm nws phau ntawv hais txog qhov no tshwm sim, thiab lub tshiab lub sij hawm pib sib txuas lus tsuas nrog lub npe ntawm Trotsky.

Raws li sarcasm, cov lus txhais tau tias ib lub caij nyoog txheej txheem ntawm kho kom zoo, kev hloov thiab thiaj li nyob.

kev tshawb xav

Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev tshawb xav ntawm mus tas li kiv puag ncig? Qhov no lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub txheej txheem ntawm lub siab tawv nyob rau hauv lub underdeveloped thiab peripheral lub teb chaws. Nws twb xub npaj los ntawm Engels thiab Marx, tom qab elaborated Lvom Trotskim, Vladimir Lenin, Ernest Mendel thiab lwm yam Marxist ideology (xws li cov Trotskyist sau phau ntawv zoo li Dzhozef Hansen, Michael Levy, Livio Majtán).

lus

Raws li mus tas li kiv puag ncig twb txhais los ntawm cov founders ntawm Marxism? Tus heev duab ntawm no phenomenon piav Fridrihom Engelsom thiab Karlom Marksom li thaum ntxov raws li 1840 nyob rau hauv lub "Communist Manifesto" thiab "Xov ntawm Central Committee ntawm lub Communist League." Lub creators ntawm Marxism ntseeg hais tias cov kev siv ntawm ib tug kev ywj pheej-bourgeois kiv puag ncig, cov neeg ua hauj tsis tau nres ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm ib tug yooj yim lub hom phiaj.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub bourgeoisie thov kom sai sai tas ntxeev siab. Thiab lub proletariat yog yuam ua hauj lwm kom ua txoj kev no tas mus li raws li ntev raws li lub muaj cov chav kawm ntawv yuav tsis raug tshem tawm ntawm lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib kom txog thaum neeg ua hauj lwm tsis yeej lub xeev hwj huam. Friedrich Engels thiab Karl Marx hais rau cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov revolutionary zog ntawm tus peasants thiab lub proletarian kiv puag ncig.

Lenin txoj hauj lwm

Los ntawm lub sij hawm "ruaj khov kiv puag ncig" thiab ib qho nyiaj paj nyob rau hauv Lenin. Lenin sib cav hais tias qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab bourgeois-kev ywj pheej kiv puag ncig yuav tsim mus rau hauv ib tug socialist revolt. Qhov no nuance yog tau nyob rau hauv view ntawm cov kev mob nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm capitalism - cov nyob rau ntawm lub dual hom sib txawv ob ntawm qhov uas muaj qhov tsim capitalism thiab serfdom residues, thiab nyob rau hauv lub system nws tus kheej.

Nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem no, lub bourgeoisie thiab cov proletariat, coj los ntawm tus revolutionary tog, yog tus siab heev quab yuam ntawm kiv puag ncig. Lub peasants, leej twg xav mus pab lub rebellion mus cuag nws cov hom phiaj, feem ntau yuav ua kom puas landlordism, yog ib tug pab pawg phooj ywg ntawm cov neeg ua hauj.

Lenin tus taw tes ntawm view yog heev txawv txawv. Nws ntseeg hais tias cov essence ntawm escalating lub bourgeois-kev ywj pheej kiv puag ncig mus rau hauv lub socialist rog yog cov kev hloov kho ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kawm ua hauj lwm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub ywj pheej-bourgeois kiv puag ncig. Nws sib cav hais tias yog hais tias tus kev ywj pheej-bourgeois proletariat revolt yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv pab pawg nrog rau tag nrho cov tswv, ces tam sim ntawd dhau mus rau lub socialist kiv puag ncig cov neeg ua hauj yuav tsum nrog cov uas nyob deb nroog txom nyem thiab lwm yam neeg pluag, lub oppressed ntsiab. Ywj pheej-revolutionary dictatorship ntawm cov neeg ua hauj thiab peasants ua txhua yam rau noj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov socialist dictatorship ntawm lub proletariat.

Lub tswvyim ntawm transformation ntawm bourgeois-kev ywj pheej ntxeev siab nyob rau hauv socialist yog tsim nyob rau hauv 1905 los ntawm Lenin nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm "kev ywj pheej revolutionary dictatorship ntawm cov neeg ua hauj thiab peasants", "Ob tug maneuver ntawm kev cai ywj pheej nyob rau hauv cov kev ywj pheej ntxeev siab" thiab lwm tus neeg. Lenin ntshai socialist thiab bourgeois-kev ywj pheej tig raws li ob qhov chaw ntawm ib tug saw. Ntxiv mus, lub ob ntxeev siab kho lawv raws li ib tug tib chav kawm.

Lub zeem muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tus ntxeev siab

Qhov kev tshawb xav ntawm mus tas li kiv puag ncig - ib tug heev interesting qhia. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias tus tsim ntawm Lenin xav ntxeev siab zog nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm haiv neeg revolutionary foundations. Nws pom lub teb siv ntawm socialism nws yog los ntawm lub thoob ntiaj teb anti-imperialist kawg.

Nyob rau hauv txhua ntawm nws tej hauj lwm ntawm Vladimir Ulyanov nkag mus rau Lub kaum hli ntuj kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no revolutionary ntsiab lus teb. Txawm tias, raws li Trotsky sau ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej hauj lwm hais txog cov kev Soviet koom pheej raws li lub ntiaj teb no ntawm upheaval stronghold.

Social Democrats saib

Lub tswv yim ntawm mus tas li kiv puag ncig, lub Mensheviks kuj xav nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab thiab Western social Democrats. Nyob rau hauv lawv saib reflected lub tswv yim uas ua hauj lwm hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub commission ntawm lub socialist ntxeev siab resists tag nrho cov uas tsis yog-proletarian chav kawm ntawv, nrog rau kev tawm tsam mus rau lub peasantry.

Vim li no rau cov kev kovyeej ntawm socialist ntxeev siab, mas nyob rau hauv Russia, tom qab lub accomplishment ntawm lub bourgeois-kev ywj pheej kiv puag ncig yuav tsum tau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm kom txog thaum lub feem ntau ntawm cov pejxeem tsis tig mus rau hauv proletarians thiab cov neeg ua hauj lwm tsis ua rau feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Yog hais tias cov neeg ua hauj yog tsis txaus, tej ruaj khov revolt yog doomed tsis ua hauj lwm.

Trotsky tus lub tswv yim

Nyob rau hauv ib tug tig ntawm nws tus kheej pom ntawm lub zeem muag ntawm mus tas li revolt, Trotsky piav qhia, tau npaj nyob rau hauv 1905, ib tug tshiab los txhais lus rau nws. Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws qhov chaw ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm kiv puag ncig yog ib tug kev tshawb xav ntawm chav kev loj hlob. Marxists ua ntej 1905 twb analyzed los ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm lub socialist ntxeev siab nyob rau hauv lub advanced capitalist lub teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv raws li Trotskii, nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau dua los yog tsawg tshaj lub teb chaws xws li Russia, uas twb nyuam qhuav sawv kiag li proletariat txheej txheem kev loj hlob thiab Industrialization, nws twb tau mus ua ib tug kiv puag ncig vim keeb kwm Socialist impotence bourgeoisie siv kev ywj pheej-Bourgeois yuav tsum.

Nyob rau hauv nws sau, Leon Trotsky sau hais tias cov nom tswv incompetence ntawm lub bourgeoisie yog ncaj qha mus txiav txim los ntawm txoj kev nws kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub peasantry thiab cov proletariat. Nws thov hais tias lub caij Lavxias teb sab ntxeev siab yog tsis yog ib tug teeb meem ntawm chronology, tab sis kuj cov teeb meem ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo qauv ntawm lub teb chaws.

Yog li ntawd, peb twb pom tawm hais tias Trotsky - ib tug supporter ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm mus tas li kiv puag ncig. Heev sai sai nws pib tsim nws tom qab lub kaum hli ntuj 1917 uprising. Trotsky tsis kam muab tas cov socialist cim ntawm lub revolt, piav txog nws tsuas yog raws li ib tug thawj theem ntawm txoj kev rau socialist ntxeev siab nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nws hais tias socialism yuav yeej nyob rau hauv Soviet Russia tsuas yog thaum lub socialist ntxeev siab ua lawm, uas yog penetrated nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab European lub teb chaws, qhov chaw uas lub proletariat yog lub winning ntawm sab hnub poob yuav kev pab rau lub Lavxias teb sab neeg ua hauj lwm kho nyob rau hauv sib ntaus tawm tsam tawm tsam nws chav kawm ntawv, thiab ces nws yuav tau los tsim kom tau communism thiab socialism rau ib lub ntiaj teb teev. Nws pom no tshwm sim ntxeev siab vim yog lub me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm Lavxias teb sab proletariat thiab ntawm lub hav zoov nyob rau hauv Russia ib tug lossis loj loj ntawm petty bourgeois los ntawm qhov grain tswv.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm nyob deb nroog cov neeg nyob

Feem ntau cov kev tshawb xav ntawm mus tas li kiv puag ncig ntawm Trotsky criticized rau lub fact tias tus neeg sau liam underestimates lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub peasantry. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog heev npaum li cas nyob rau hauv nws sau nws hais tias neeg ua hauj lwm yuav tsis muaj peev xwm mus nqa tawm lub socialist ntxeev siab, tsis nrog kev pab los ntawm lub peasants. Trotsky asserts tias, ua tsuas ib tug me me ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab zej zog, cov ua hauj lwm hauv chav kawm ntawv yuav ua tau ib tug revolt mus rau lub emancipation ntawm lub peasantry thiab yog li kom tau kev pom zoo los ntawm cov tswv teb raws li ib feem ntawm lub kiv puag ncig, nyob rau hauv kev them nyiaj yug uas nws yuav cia siab.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub proletariat rau lub hom phiaj ntawm tus kheej nyiam thiab los txhim kho lawv cov tej yam kev mob yuav nrhiav kev pab kom siv xws revolutionary hloov, uas yuav tsis tau tsuas yog ua kom tiav cov kev ua ntawm ib tug bourgeois kiv puag ncig, tab sis kuj ua rau cov tsim ntawm zog lub hwj chim.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Trotsky asserts tias cov proletariat yuav raug yuam kom ua rau lub chav kawm ntawv confrontation nyob rau hauv lub zos, yog li ntawd yuav tsum yog ib tug ua txhaum ntawm uas lub zej lub zos ntawm kev txaus siab, uas yog yeej muaj rau tag nrho cov tswv teb, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug kuj nqaim ntau yam. Cov neeg ua hauj lwm muaj nyob rau hauv thawj zaug lub sij hawm ntawm nws reign, mus nrhiav kev pab txhawb nqa nyob rau hauv lub confrontation ntawm tus nyob deb nroog txom nyem nyob deb nroog nplua nuj, ua liaj ua teb proletariat - hlebopasheskoy bourgeoisie.

Cov kev raug txim ntawm txoj kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv lub USSR

Yog li ntawd, koj twb paub tias tus neeg sau ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm mus tas li kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Russia - Trotsky. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, nws qhia tau rau txim nyob rau plenary zaug ntawm lub Central Control Commission ntawm lub RCP (B) Central Committee thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm Trotsky hais lus, uas tau txais nyob rau hauv 1925, nyob rau lub ib hlis ntuj 17 raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub "Theses rau cov paub tab ntawm Lavxias teb sab Communist Party (Bolsheviks) thiab cov Comintern", txais 14 th sib kho ntawm cov RCP (b) "nyob rau fronderskom bloc nyob rau hauv lub CPSU (b)." Zoo ib yam li cov ntsiab tau txais nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov semi-official Communist tog, ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Comintern.

Txoj cai ntawm lub koom haum nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog ib tug ncaj qha ua rau lub classified daim ntawv ntawm Trotsky cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm mus tas li kiv puag ncig thiab kev thuam ntawm lub Stalinist txhais lus ntawm cov "sawv ntawm lub revolutionary zog." Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no, Suav Communist Tog twg ntawm cov kev txiav txim ntawm Moscow sim los tsim ib qho alliance nrog lub bourgeoisie Neeg - Tib neeg thawj nrog cov coj noj coj ntawm lub Kuomintang (lub taub hau ntawm lub Chan Kayshi), tab sis tom qab lub Shanghai tua neeg pov tseg ntawm 1927, uas tshwm sim vim nws cov txhaum, - Van Tszinveyem ( "Sab laug KMT").

zeem muag ntawm lub USSR

Raws li ruaj khov kiv puag ncig yuav cuam tshuam rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub USSR? Lub ntsiab txhais ntawm txoj kev no tau ua rau coob leej xav hais tias. Los ntawm UFW ntawm mus tas li ntxeev siab mas suav hais tias qhov kev siv ntawm socialism nyob rau hauv ib Lavxias teb sab "neeg tug-ib tog", ib tug ncaim lub yuav tsum muaj views ntawm proletarian solidarity.

Trotskyists hais tias yog nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze yav tom ntej tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj insurrection nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob yeej kiv puag ncig ntawm cov ua hauj lwm hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub USSR pib "reconstruction ntawm capitalism."

Trotsky sib cav hais tias lub Soviet Union sawv ntawm lub kaum hli ntuj tig raws li ib tug ua hauj lwm lub hwj chim. Re-Privatization ntawm cov txhais tau tias ntawm ntau lawm yog ib tug tsim nyog mob rau socialist txoj kev loj hlob. Nws qhib tau ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov rog. Tus ntaus ntawv ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub meantime lub teb chaws tau muab rau hauv ib tug riam phom ntawm bureaucratic ua phem tawm tsam cov ua hauj lwm hauv chav kawm ntawv, thiab ntau - mus rau hauv ib lub cuab tam rau ua phem rau hauv lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Okazonivanie tug raug rho tawm thiab rov qab lub teb chaws ua hauj lwm thiab transformation ntawm lub bureaucracy rau hauv ib tug tag nrho-haib privileged caste yog lub feem ntau nyuaj zajlus kom tswv yim socialism nyob rau hauv ib lub teb chaws.

Trotsky tshaj tawm tias tus Soviet tsoom fwv yog, yog li ntawd, ntawm lub horrific teeb meem. Tiam sis nws tseem tseem yog ib tug degenerated neeg ua hauj lwm 'teb chaws. Qhov no yog qhov kev xav. Cov nom tswv scenario muaj multivariate cim: yog cov bureaucracy plunge rau hauv lub teb chaws rov qab mus rau capitalism, khob yam tshiab hom vaj tse, los yog lub proletariat txav lub bureaucracy thiab yuav qhib txoj kev rau socialism.

Evolution ntawm kev qhia

Yuav ua li cas yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev tshawb xav tom qab lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II? Qhov no lus qhuab qhia txuas ntxiv mus tsim ntau tshuav Marxist theorists nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm cov teb chaws Asia, Western teb chaws Europe, South thiab North America, qhov twg muaj Trotskyist tsim. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XX xyoo pua muaj ib tug sawv ntawm anti-colonial. Rau ntawm no theem ntawm cov plaub International tshawb cov evolution ntawm lub revolutionary taw nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb loj hlob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub Cuban thiab Algerian revolutions.

Nyob rau ib lub ntawm cov congresses ntawm cov plaub International nyob rau hauv 1963 nws tau txais ib tug daws teeb meem "Dynamics of ntiaj teb no kiv puag ncig niaj hnub no." Nws sau phau ntawv twb Ernest Mandel (tus thawj coj ntawm lub Belgian unit) thiab Dzhozef Hansen (tug tswv cuab ntawm kev tswj US Socialist Cov neeg ua haujlwm 'tog).

Qhov kev txiav txim hais tias peb cov hom rog ntawm lub ntiaj teb no kiv puag ncig - ib tug nom tswv revolt nyob rau hauv lub deformed neeg ua hauj lwm 'powers, lub colonial revolt thiab lub proletarian uprising nyob rau hauv capitalist lub teb chaws - tsim ib tug dialectical union. Txhua yam ntawm cov rog muaj feem xyuam rau lwm tus, thiab nyob rau hauv rov qab tau txais ib tug haib impetus rau nws yav tom ntej txoj kev loj hlob los yog braking. Qhov kev ncua ntawm cov proletarian insurrection nyob rau hauv lub bourgeois powers, ntawm chav kawm, tiv thaiv tau tus colonial kiv puag ncig mus embark rau lub socialist txoj kev li consciously thiab sai li sai tau nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm Triumph neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws uas tsim los yog tus yeej xwb revolutionary ntxeev siab. Qhov no ncua kuj hinders lub kev loj hlob ntawm cov nom tswv uprising nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, nrog rau vim lub fact tias lub Soviet neeg ua hauj lwm tsis pom ua ntej nws cov piv txwv ntawm multivariate ntawm lub creation ntawm socialism.

Bukharin

Lub sij hawm "ruaj khov kiv puag ncig" Bukharin kuj xav. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no mob siab mus rau lub kaum hli ntuj kiv puag ncig, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1918, nws sau hais tias lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub imperialist tsoom fwv lub koom haum, tag nrho cov yav tas los revolutionary keeb kwm. Nws sib cav hais tias qhov no poob thiab lub triumph ntawm cov ua hauj lwm hauv chav kawm ntawv, kev txhawb los ntawm tus nyob deb nroog txom nyem, lub yeej, uas qhib ib zaug limitless horizons ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb, tsis yog tus pib ntawm ib tug organic era. Lavxias teb sab proletariat nyiag raws li sharply ua puas, cov hauj lwm ntawm thoob ntiaj teb kiv puag ncig. Tag nrho complex ntawm kev sib raug zoo, originated nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, ua rau lub inevitable kawg. Yog li, tas mus li kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Russia transformed rau hauv ib European kiv puag ncig ntawm lub proletariat.

Nws ntseeg hais tias cov hmoov keg ntawm cov teb chaws Europe ces muab pov tseg ntshav qub teeb Lavxias teb sab Socialist ntxeev siab. Nws tsis yog tuag. Nws loj hlob tau. Nws nthuav. Thiab nws yuav inevitably hauj lwm ua ke nrog cov poj qhia rebellion ntawm lub ntiaj teb no proletariat.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, Bukharin yog deb ntawm lub socialist system nyob rau hauv ib tug sovereign lub teb chaws. Sawv daws yeej paub hais tias nws yog lub ntsiab theorist ntawm lub phiaj los nqis tes tiv thaiv tsis tau Trotskyism, yog sau ua ke nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv lub tswvyim ntawm mus tas li kiv puag ncig. Tab sis ua ntej lawm, thaum magma revolutionary ntxeev siab tsis tau muaj sij hawm los txias ntau, Bukharin, nws puv tawm tsis nrhiav los soj ntsuam cov coup txawv hais tshaj qhov ib tug tiv thaiv uas nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb xyoos yuav tsum tau fiercely sib ntaus sib tua.

Bukharin tus ntawv no yog ua los ntawm lub tog Central Committee, "Surf." Tsis muaj leej twg tshaj tawm hais tias nws heretical. On qhov tsis tooj, tag nrho cov pom nyob rau hauv nws lub undisputed thiab official qhia ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm lub Central Council ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv. Daim Ntawv Qhia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no reprinted ntau lub sij hawm lub xyoo tom ntej, thiab ua ke nrog rau lwm phau ntawv siab mus rau lub Lub ob hlis ntuj revolt, nyob rau hauv lub dav dav title "Los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm autocracy rau lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub bourgeoisie", tau raug txhais ua Fabkis, German, Askiv thiab lwm yam lus.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1923-1924, ntau pib sib cav tswv yim tiv thaiv Trotskyism. Cov kev tsis sib haum muaj kev puas tsuaj npaum li cas txog tej yam tau ua los ntawm lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, leaked rau kev nyeem ntawv chav, tsev qiv ntawv, ntawv xov xwm thiab faus countless tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus loj tshaj ntu nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub kiv puag ncig thiab cov neeg sab nrauv. Niaj hnub no, cov ntaub ntawv no muaj rau yaj daig ntawm thooj, yuav tsum nco ntsoov lub hnub qub.

xyaum

Yog li ntawd, koj paub, tias lub zeem muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb kiv puag ncig yog heev thaum. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm mus tas li coup muaj peculiar saib. Thuam cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Trotsky, Radek (Soviet politician) koom nws thiab "tactics, uas raws li nram no los ntawm nws." Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev ntxiv. Qhib kev sib tham ntawm 'Trotskyism' rau lo lus nug no prudently txwv tej lus qhuab qhia. Tab sis Radek yog tsis txaus. Nws yog sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv cov Bolshevik diplomatic kab nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj. Nws nyhav tsuas hoob no cov kev tshawb xav ntawm mus tas li ntxeev siab, thiab nws xav tau kev pab los ua pov thawj hais tias qhov no tej lus qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm ntws tsis ncaj ncees lawm tactical kab.

Radek lawv txawj nyeem ntawv yog yuam kev lawm. Tej zaum nws tsis paub lub keeb kwm ntawm lub kiv puag ncig, uas tsis tau muab kev koom tes tus kheej. Tab sis nws thaj tsis thab mus saib cov nqe lus nug nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv.

Keeb kwm tsis mus nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj kab. Tej zaum nws tau txais mus rau hauv ntau yam tuag xaus.