Arts thiab lom ze, Kos duab
Bartolomeo Rastrelli, kes duab lub vajtse: biography, tej hauj lwm. Smolny Cathedral, lub caij ntuj no Palace, Stroganov Palace
Kws kes duab vajtse Bartolomeo Rastrelli - creator ntawm ntau exciting, zoo nkauj vaj tse. Nws palaces thiab kev cai dab qhuas cov vaj tse yog ciav nyob rau hauv lawv lub me hwj chim thiab splendor, lub khav theeb thiab regal. Qhov no yog tsis xav tsis thoob. Tom qab tag nrho, Bartolomeo Rastrelli, uas nws biography yog txaus siab rau ntau lub kiv cua ntawm niaj hnub architecture, tsim thiab ua rau emperors.
Luv luv txog thaum yau
Born Bartolomeo Franchesko Rastrelli nyob rau hauv Paris, tus tub ntawm ib tug txawj ntse thiab zoo-paub Italian sculptor Bartolomeo Karlo Rastrelli. Qhov no tshwm sim rov qab nyob rau hauv 1700, thaum Fabkis kav Louis XIV. King heev menyuam nws lub tsev hais plaub sculptor, yog li me ntsis thaum yau Francesco dhau mus rau hauv contentment thiab kev lam ua.
Tus tub loj hlob heev inquisitive thiab mob siab. Nws nyiam mus ua ib yam dab tsi nrog lawv txhais tes, nyiam xyaum nws tus txiv thiab xyum kev txawj ntse.
Tsiv nyob rau hauv Russia
Tom qab kev tuag ntawm "hnub King" Carlo Rastrelli tau caw ib tug los ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub tsev hais plaub rau ib tug peb-xyoo ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb lub nceeg vaj. Thaum lub sij hawm, nws yog txoj kev cai uas feemxyuam craftsmen mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia, yog li Rastrelli, Sr., tsis xav ob zaug, sau nws tsev neeg thiab mus rau St. Petersburg.
Capital tau ntsib neeg txawv teb chaws favorably. Cov tsev neeg tsawm nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej lub tsev, nyiam tus hwm thiab kev hwm. Peter kuv, tibneeg hu tauj coob npaj ntawm lub zos tshiab, kho nrog feemxyuam artisans kindly thiab courteously. Nws pom lawv muaj peev xwm thiab kev txawj ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb nkag kev txiav txim, raws li los ntawm zoo, tiag tiag muaj koob muaj npe nqi zog.
Thaum pib ntawm creativity
Los ntawm ib tug hluas hnub nyoog Bartolomeo Rastrelli koom nyob rau hauv loj heev zodcheskoy ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm nws tus txiv. Piv txwv li, nws tau koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tiav ntawm ib co ntawm cov palace ntawm tub huabtais Menshikov - nquag thiab lub hwj chim-tshaib plab huab tais Peter pab pawg phooj ywg.
Tus thawj kuj ywj siab ua hauj lwm los ntawm Bartolomeo Rastrelli (los ntawm txoj kev, nyob rau hauv Russia, ib tug hluas kws kes duab vajtse npe Palaumais Varfolomeyevich) yog qhov kev siv ntawm ib tug peb-storey palace ntawm ntuj pob zeb rau lub illustrious tub vaj ntxwv, statesman thiab kawm Dmitriya Konstantinovicha Kantemira.
Kes duab lub vajtse twb tsis muab nws cov thawj lub tsev ib co yus nta thiab cov yam ntxwv. Tsis yog, lub palace yog ua nyob rau hauv raws li cov feem ntau txais style ntawm Peter kuv, nws yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv lub fullness of volume, clarity ntawm articulation thiab cov flatness ntawm lub facade. Koj tus kheej style ntawm Rastrelli yuav xaiv tom qab.
Nyob rau hauv 1720 xyoo, ib tug aspiring kes duab vajtse ob peb lub sij hawm mus rau Fabkis thiab Ltalis ua me ntsis txog cov lub tshiab zam tiam sis thiab qhia nyob rau hauv kos duab rau ntawm lub tsev.
nom tswv upheaval
Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1930s, nyob rau kaj ntug ntawm cov reign Anny Ioannovny, Rastrelli, nws txiv txiav txim siab mus nrhiav kom tau ib tug tshiab kev sib raug zoo thiab Empress mus rau nws cov neeg tuaj saib, noj nws tus tub nrog nws thiab yog nqus sketches.
Cov tub hluas ntxhais huab tais, tsis dim mus rau lub me hwj chim thiab elegance, graciously coj feemxyuam architects thiab muab lawv nrog tus yawm ua qhov kev siv ntawm nws tus kheej palace. Yog li ntawd, cov tub ntxhais kws kes duab vajtse ib lub sij hawm kom paub qhov txawv nws tus kheej ua ntej lub empress. Tag nrho cov ntawm nws tej yaam num muaj tau kev pom zoo thiab muab los siv.
Lub caij ntuj no Palace
Nrog lub advent ntawm Anny Ioannovny ntse nruab siab kes duab vajtse pib mus ua hauj lwm thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej - nws twb entrusted rau tag lub ntsiab muaj koob muaj npe palace nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Dab tsi ua rau Bartolomeo Rastrelli? Lub caij ntuj no Palace, ua nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1700s, cov Empress ciali me me thiab commonplace, li ntawd, nws kaj siab lug tau saws lub ambitious txoj kev tshoov siab kes duab vajtse, raws li uas nws yog tsim nyog los yuav rov qab plaub uas sawv ze ntawm lub tsev, thiab nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw rau tebchaws ib tug zoo kawg tsev complex.
Ib tug ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd lub tsev ntawd tiav, thiab ua ntej lub ob lub qhov muag ntawm St. Petersburg hais nws tus kheej zoo ua plaub-zaj dabneeg tsev, nws facade txojkev Neva dej, thiab accommodates ze li ntawm xya caum xeev cov chav thiab tshaj ib puas chav pw, raws li zoo raws li ua yeeb yam, gallery, lub tsev teev ntuj thiab ib tug ntau ntawm kev ua hauj lwm thiab zov lub chaw.
Lub palace tau skilfully thiab richly decorated, muaj ib tug puag ncig rusticated txhua thiab pediment sculptures, thiab tag nrho pem teb ua ntej ntawm lub tsev nyob los ntawm ib tug loj loj gallery nrog arches.
Nws yog noteworthy uas Rastrelli yuav tsum tau ib zaug dua hloov lub caij ntuj no Palace. Nws tshwm sim nees nkaum xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv lub reign ntawm Elizabeth.
Tus tshiab empress pom lub ntsiab qhov chaw nyob ntawm lub Romanovs qias neeg thiab tsis tsim nyog rau lawv raws li txoj cai. Nws xav kom lub tsev qhov siab thiab ntev. Nws yog tsim nyog los rhuav lub tsev, thiab nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw tsim ib tug tshiab, ntau tsim nyog rau lub txais tos ntawm txawv teb chaws nom tswv thiab ntawm lub koob tsheej.
Lub zoo kawg li cov qauv ntawm cov tshiab lub caij ntuj no Palace, uas ua tau nyob rau hauv lub saib xyuas ntawm Bartolomeo Rastrelli? Lub tsev ntiav kaum tsib puas chav thiab npog thaj caum txhiab cubic meters.
Palace muaj loj loj lub zoo, muaj hauv pem hauv ntej tsev thiab loj heev, zoo kawg nkaus retracted facade, uas yog nruab nrog lug cais txhua thiab xam cov qhov rai, qhov rai casings ntawm ntau yam nrhiav thiab heev heev vases thiab saum, muab tso rau hauv lub parapets.
Nws yog noteworthy tias cov niaj hnub pom ntawm lub caij ntuj no Palace, kuj hu ua tus Hermitage, yog yuav luag tag hnov kom kawg project ntawm tus poj kws kes duab vajtse.
Cov kws kes duab vajtse rau Biron
Nyob rau hauv 1730 Bartolomeo Rastrelli pib zoo sib txuas lus nrog Biron - ib tug nyiam ntawm Anny Ioannovny. Nyob rau hauv lub patronage ntawm lub uncrowned huab tais tus muaj koob muaj npe kes duab vajtse yuav kes duab lub vajtse ntawm cov tam sim no empress. Los ntawm txoj kev, Elizaveta Petrovna, tom qab kaum tsib xyoos, uas tuaj rau lub hwj chim los ntawm ib tug palace coup, kuj nyiam cov kev pab cuam ntawm Rastrelli li cov thawj ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse.
Rau Biron kes duab vajtse tsim thiab nqa tawm tej yaam num rau kev tsim kho thiab Mitavsky Rundale palaces. Ntawm no, tus tswv tsim ib tug scale muaj gravitating ntawm ib tug kaw qauv, nyob rau lub hom caij yog elongate central lub cev.
Nrog txhua tshiab nqus kos duab Bartolomeo Rastrelli tsim thiab paub, cov kab thiab hom kev kawm yog ua ntau yas thiab nyem.
Ua hauj lwm rau restructuring. Anichkov Palace
Nrog rau cov sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm cov tom ntej no kav ib tug txawj ntse kws kes duab vajtse pib tshwm nthuav thiab qab kev txiav txim, yog ib tus uas yog tus kawm tiav ntawm kev tsim kho rau tus Fontanka dej, pib los ntawm kws kes duab vajtse Zemtsov.
Ua hauj lwm rau restructuring. Peterhof
Tus tom ntej kev txiav txim ntawm Rastrelli yog es rov ntawm Peterhof.
Elizaveta Petrovna tag nrho kuv lub siab xav los txhim kho thiab txhawb kev kawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm nws tau tas sim neej txiv. Ua li no, nws txiav txim rau kom cov tsos ntawm cov tsev Peter lub style thiab cua ntawm lub sij hawm, li cas los xij, kom txais vaj txiaj ntsim kev tsim kho ntawm cov niaj hnub grandeur thiab scale.
Bartolomeo Rastrelli, muaj peev xwm los nthuav thiab hloov lub palace complex, tawm hauv nws kev paub qhia lo central tsev zoo unchanged. Nyob rau sab ntawm nws txawm lig los plhws lub cev thiab tsa tshiab pavilions, txuas rau lawv nrog cov yeeb yuj, tho kev ua raws li ua tau rau lub thib peb hauv pem teb thiab tau tsim ib tug picturesque park system.
Qhov tseem spectacular caij ntawm lub sab hauv ntawm lub Peterhof - ib tug square nrog ob-laus pem hauv ntej nrog staircase, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog luxurious finish.
Ntawm no yog txhua yam - kim gilding khoom thiab elegant painting ntawm phab ntsa thiab stucco, ntoo carving thiab forging.
Ua hauj lwm rau restructuring. Tsarskoye selo
Lwm loj tsev project, uas yuav tsum tau muab redone, yog lub caij ntuj sov muaj koob muaj npe qhov chaw nyob, nyob rau hauv Tsarskoye selo. Nws Empress xam tau tias yog ib yam nkaus thiab cov laus-fashioned thiab me me.
Yuav ua li cas hloov tau yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txhim kho lub Catherine Palace? Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli kom tau raws li lub siab nyiam ntawm lub sovereign ua ib tug restructuring ntawm Lavxias teb sab baroque style, sparing tsis nyiaj los yog lwm yam kev txhais tau tias. Cov kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm facades thiab saum tawm ntau tshaj ib puas kilograms ntawm kub.
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm restructuring kes duab lub vajtse tsiv lub grand staircase nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm lub palace, raug lead lom rau slowness ntawm thaum uas tig mus nyob ib sab mus rau txhua lwm yam ceremonial nrog; tob rau hauv lub hollows ntawm qhov rais, tsim ib tug nplua nuj ua si ntawm lub teeb thiab ntxoov ntxoo; facades dai kom zoo nkauj nrog stucco thiab sculptures rau decorate lawv nyob rau hauv cov mos mos xiav thiab cov nplua nuj kub xim. Tag nrho cov no tau muab cov nyiam palace ntawm Empress festive solemn thiab mob siab heev lub siab lub ntsws qhia.
tshiab tej yaam num
Txawm li cas los, lub architectural ua hauj lwm los ntawm Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli tsis tsuas mus rau lub restructuring ntawm txawv teb chaws tej yaam num. Cov kws kes duab vajtse tsim nws tus kheej txawj ntse thiab thawj drawings, uas ua lub khoom kim heev thiab ceremonial vaj tse. Ib tug ntawm cov lug yog lub Smolny Cathedral. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli tiav raws li nws nyob rau hauv ib tug lush thiab Artsy Elizabethan Baroque style, decorating thiab dormer Gables thiab pleev xim rau hauv cov mos mos lub teeb xiav xim.
Lub complex ntawm kev cai dab qhuas cov vaj tse ua tej yam txawv thiab tshwj xeeb. Cathedral tsa tsib-domed, tiam sis tsuas yog ib zaug xwb dome (muaj cov loj tshaj plaws loj) ncaj qha txog rau lub tuam tsev, lwm yam plaub yog tswb.
Lwm feemxyuam ua hauj lwm ntawm kws kes duab vajtse yog lub Stroganov Palace. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli ua ke peb cov vaj tse rau hauv ib tug uas facade, qhov chaw uas tau tsim muaj ib tug portico nrog lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab, thiab nqa tawm feem ntau grand staircase dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov nplua nuj stucco thiab gilt wrought hlau railings thiab ib tug dav gallery, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog gilded sculptures thiab loj loj tsom iav.
Hauv lub tsev muaj tsev nyob ib grand nrog cheeb tsam ntawm ib puas thiab nees nkaum yim square meters.
sunset creativity
Nrog rau txoj kev tuag ntawm Elizabeth sunk rau hauv oblivion pompous thiab kim baroque style, yog li Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli kuv yog tawm ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Nws twb hloov los ntawm tshiab masters tuaj, ntau paub nyob rau hauv contemporary kos duab. Tsis txiav txim thiab muaj nyiaj txiag teeb meem, cov laus kws kes duab vajtse txiav txim siab los hais rau tawm thiab mus rau Ltalis, ostensibly rau kev kho mob kev kho mob.
Ntawm no kes duab lub vajtse strenuously tab tom nrhiav rau cov neeg muas zaub, tab sis nws tsis ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv parallel nrog no feemxyuam Rastrelli nws paub tias Catherine yog muab mus rau lwm lub kws kes duab vajtse. Yog li ntawd kuj zoo kawg Italian tau txais tu siab resignation thiab ib tug dlej nyiaj laus nyob rau hauv ib txhiab rubles.
Ua ke nrog nws tsev neeg (los ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse yog ib tug tus poj niam thiab ob tug me nyuam) Rastrelli sab laug Russia. Raws li qhov uas nws muaj raws li nrog nws onetime patron Biron thiab xa mus rau nws teb koj chaw nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav restructure thiab txhim kho txoj kev Courland khoom teejtug uas yog cov qub Regent ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman.
Nws yog hais tias lub xeem ua hauj lwm ntawm lub feemxyuam craftsmen los ua ib qhov project ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm St. Xime-oos thiab St. Anna, uas tau qhia rau ntse nruab siab craftsman tus kheej rau suav Panin nug kev them nyiaj ntawm kaum ob txhiab. Txawm li cas los, lub count tsis xav txog nws tsim nyog los teb rau ib daim ntawv thov Rastrelli, tab sis yog nws ua lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv raws li cov drawings, tom qab kes duab lub vajtse tuag.
hnub nyoog kawg
Lub xeem xyoo ua ntej nws tuag, tus poj kes duab vajtse nyob rau hauv oblivion thiab solitude. Lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov kos duab yog tsis yuav tsum tau nws cov tshiab creation, tsis muaj ib tug nug nws txog tshiab tej yaam num thiab cov vaj tse. Nws tseem tu siab thiab depressing whiled tam sim ntawd lawv hnub ib tug txawj ntse artist. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tu siab yog nws lub neej tom qab nws tus poj niam tuag.
Historians thiab critics txog rau thaum xaus tsis paub lub caij nyoog hnub ntawm txoj kev tuag ntawm Rastrelli. Tej zaum, nws tuag nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj-Plaub Hlis Ntuj 1771. Nws qhov chaw ntawm kev faus yog tseem tsis paub hais tias.
Txawm li cas los, nws tshuav tom qab ib tug zoo, muaj nuj nqis heev thiab luxurious cuab yeej cuab tam - nws kuj zoo kawg tej hauj lwm uas tau dhau los ntawm lub centuries thiab raug kev txom nyem. Lawv yog cov tseem admired thiab muaj siab zoo siab qhua los ntawm ib ncig lub ntiaj teb no.
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