Austrian Empire. Lub Austrian Empire

Lub Austrian Empire tau tshaj tawm tias raws li ib tug monarchic lub xeev nyob rau hauv 1804 thiab lasted kom txog thaum 1867, thiab ces twb hloov mus rau hauv lub Austro-Hungary. Txwv tsis pub, nws tau hu ua lub Habsburg faj tim teb chaws, lub xeem lub npe ntawm ib qho ntawm lub Habsburgs, Fabkis, uas, xws li Napoleon, dhau lawm, hais tias nws tus kheej huab tais.

qub txeeg qub teg

Austrian Empire nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, Yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau ib daim ntawv qhia, nws zoo li ib tug patchwork ntaub. Peb tam sim ntawd pom tias qhov no yog ib tug multiethnic lub xeev. Thiab, feem ntau yuav, nws yog, raws li yog feem ntau rooj plaub, deprived of stability. Nrhiav los ntawm cov nplooj ntawv ntawm keeb kwm, peb yuav pom tau hais tias nws tshwm sim no. Me me quav kob specks sau nyob rau hauv ib tug ciam teb - qhov no yog qhov Hapsburg Austria. Daim ntawv qhia qhia tau hais tias yog tshwj xeeb zoo li cas lub teb chaws twb fragmented faj tim teb chaws. Mob muaj keeb Holdings ntawm lub Habsburgs - me me regional chaw, populated by sib txawv kiag li cov neeg. Austrian Empire tsim txog li.

• Slovakia, Hungary, Czech koom pheej.
• Zakarpate (Karpatska Rus).
• Transylvania, Croatia, Vojvodina (Banat).
• Galicia, Bukovina.
• Northern Ltalis (Lombardy, Venice).

Tsis tsuas yog lub keeb kwm ntawm tag nrho cov haiv neeg yog sib txawv, tab sis kev ntseeg tsis coincide. Cov neeg ntawm lub Austrian Empire (peb caug plaub lab), ib nrab twb Slavs (Slovaks, Czechs, Croats, Tug, Ukrainians, Serbs. Magyar (Hungarians) twb txog li tsib lab, txog tib yam pes tsawg tus ntawm Italians.

Thaum lub tshuam ntawm keeb kwm

Feudalism uas lub sij hawm twb tsis tau khiav nws cov hoob kawm, tab sis lub Austrian thiab Czech craftsmen twb yuav zoo hu nws tus kheej ua hauj lwm raws li kev ua lag luam nyob rau hauv cov chaw no yog heev tsim rau lub capitalist.

Habsburgs thiab lawv lwm tus nom tswv cajceg yog tus tseem ceeb hwj chim ntawm tus faj tim teb chaws, lawv coj tag nrho ntawm cov feem ntau senior txoj haujlwm - ob qho tag nrho cov tub rog thiab bureaucratic. Absolutism, lub dominance ntawm arbitrariness - bureaucratic thiab lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm tus tub ceev xwm, lub dictates ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic, cov richest tsev nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws - tag nrho cov no cas oppressed me me haiv neeg, koom ua ke raws li irreconcilable txawm nyob rau hauv tus tov khoom roj thiab dej.

Austrian Empire rau lub tswv yim ntawm lub kiv puag ncig

Czech Germanize sai sai, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub bourgeoisie thiab cov aristocracy. Cov tswv av los ntawm Hungary choked lab ntawm Slavic peasants, tab sis lawv kuj yog heev nyob rau tsoom fwv-Austrians. Lub Austrian Empire tau nias ib qho nyuaj rau nws Italian moo. Txawm nyuaj rau paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov zoo ntawm kev tsim txom uas yog: nriaj tiv thaiv feudalism, capitalism, los yog ntawm purely lub teb chaws sib txawv.

Metternich, lub prime minister thiab ib tug outspoken reactionary, peb caug xyoo forbade tej hom lus uas tsis German nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tsev, nrog rau lub tsev hais plaub thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv. Cov pejxeem yog mas cov neeg pluag. Txawm li dawb, cov neeg no yog kiag li nyob rau lub tswv tsev, them nyiaj, xyaum conscription li serfdom.

Tsis tsuas yog lub masses ntawm tus neeg nroo nyob rau hauv lub yoke ntawm feudal system thiab lub residual meej hwj chim nrog nws arbitrariness. Lub bourgeoisie kuj tsis txaus siab, thiab obviously thawb neeg rau sawv. Kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub Austrian Empire nyob rau saum toj no yog vim li cas yog tsuas inevitable.

lub teb chaws nws tus kheej-kev txiav txim

Tag nrho txoj kev ywj pheej-hlub haiv neeg thiab nrog trepidation txheeb txoj kev loj hlob thiab preservation ntawm lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai. Tshwj xeeb Slavic. Ces, nyob rau hauv lub ceeb thawj ntawm lub khau raj Austrian, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians thiab Italians sim rau nws tus kheej-tsoom fwv, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kawm txuj ci, nrhiav kev qhia ntawv nyob rau hauv lub hom lus tsev kawm ntawv. Writers, kev kawm ntawv koom los ntawm ib lub tswv yim - lub teb chaws nws tus kheej txiav txim.

Cov tib dab yog cov Serbs, Croats. Lub cev ntas los ua tus nyob tej yam kev mob, lub zog flourished npau suav ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej, uas yog reflected nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm kev ntxias, paj huam thiab musicians. National kab lis kev cai sawv saum toj no muaj tiag thiab txhawb compatriots rau decisive cov kauj ruam rau txoj kev ywj pheej, koob pheej ntawm lawv, fraternity - cov piv txwv ntawm cov Fabkis kiv puag ncig.

Lub uprising nyob rau hauv Vienna

Nyob rau hauv 1847, lub Austrian Empire "lawm mas" heev revolutionary teeb meem no. Pom tseeb tseeb nws ntxiv cov general economic ntsoog thiab ob lub xyoos ntawm cov neeg pluag harvests thiab ib lub laub yog tus overthrow ntawm lub monarchy nyob rau hauv Fabkis. Twb tau nyob rau lub peb hlis ntuj 1848 kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub Austrian Empire matured thiab tsoo.

Cov neeg ua haujlwm, menyuam kawm ntawv, craftsmen tau lub tsev barricades nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm Vienna thiab demanded lub resignation ntawm tsoom fwv, tsis ntshai cov imperial pab tub rog, nominated rau suppress unrest. Tus tsoom fwv ua concessions, dismissing Metternich thiab ib co nom tswv. Nws twb tau cog lus txawm tias ib tug Constitution.

Cov pej xeem, li cas los xij, yog sai arming: neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub tsis tau txais dab tsi - txawm muaj txoj cai los xaiv tsa. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv tsim Academic Legion, thiab cov bourgeoisie - lub National Guard. Thiab lawv muab kuj thaum cov txhaum cai armed pawg sim yaj tshaj huab tais thiab yuam tsoom fwv los mus khiav los ntawm Vienna.

Lub peasants, raws li ib txwm, nyob rau hauv lub kiv puag ncig coj ib feem tsis muaj sij hawm. Qhov chaw nthawv ntxeev siab, tsis kam them cov nqi tsev thiab tus tswv tsev illegally txiav down ntoo. Nco qab thiab lub koom haum ntawm cov ua hauj lwm hauv chav kawm ntawv yog, ntawm chav kawm, ntau yam ntxiv. Fragmentation thiab individualism ntawm zog solidarity yog tsis ntxiv.

incompleteness

Zoo li tag nrho cov German, Austrian kiv puag ncig twb tsis tau tiav, txawm hais tias tus bourgeois-kev ywj pheej hu xov tooj rau nws yog twb tau. Cov ua hauj lwm hauv chav kawm ntawv yog tseem tsis tau txaus matured, lub bourgeoisie, raws li ib txwm, lub mas thiab coj ib yam nkaus ntxeev siab, plus yog muaj nyob rau lub teb chaws strife thiab cov tub rog counter-kiv puag ncig.

yuav tsis yeej. Lub monarchy tau tshiaj thiab ntxiv dag zog rau lub qhia kev tsim txom ntawm lub impoverished thiab disenfranchised haiv neeg. Nws yog zoo uas ib co kho muaj npaum li cas qhov chaw, thiab lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - lub kiv puag ncig thaum kawg tua cov feudal system. Zoo thiab hais tias lub teb chaws tau tswj nws lub teb chaws, vim hais tias tom qab lub kiv puag ncig puas txog thiab ntau homogeneous lub teb chaws tshaj Austria. Faj tim teb chaws Card tsis tau hloov.

rulers

Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo, mus txog rau thaum 1835, tag nrho cov xwm txheej ntawm lub xeev los muab cov huab tais Franz I. Chancellor Metternich yog ntse thiab muaj ib tug yawm luj nyob rau hauv nom ua tswv, tab sis mus hais tau tus huab tais yog feem ntau tsis yooj yim sua. Tom qab tsis kaj lub siab zoo lub Fabkis kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Austria, tag nrho cov horrors ntawm lub Napoleonic kev tsov kev rog, Metternich feem ntau xav hnov los coj kev txiav txim no mus rau lub teb chaws nyob kaj siab lug.

Tab sis Metternich ua tsis tau tejyam los ua ib tug parliament nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tag nrho cov neeg ntawm lub teb chaws, lub xeev pluas noj tsis tau txais tej real powers. Txawm li cas los, kuj lag kev luam rov qab Austria, nrog rau cov feudal reactionary regime peb caug xyoo Metternich muab nyob rau hauv lub muaj zog lub xeev nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Great yog nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm ib tug counter-revolutionary Dawb Huv Alliance nyob rau hauv 1915.

Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev rau siab mus kom lub faj tim teb chaws los ntawm scraps ntawm tiav cev qhuav dej, lub Austrian troops brutally crushed tus uprising nyob rau hauv Naples thiab Piedmont nyob rau hauv 1821, thaum tswj tiav domination nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Austrians tshaj neavstriytsami. Heev feem ntau suppressed riots sab nraum Austria, vim uas cov tub rog ntawm lub teb chaws no muaj gained ib tug tsis muaj hmoo lub koob npe nrov nrog adherents ntawm lub teb chaws nws tus kheej txiav txim.

Rau yav tom ntej diplomat Metternich twb koom los ntawm cov Ministry ntawm Txawv Teb Chaws Affairs, thiab cov huab tais Franz muab lub internal affairs ntawm lub xeev. Nyob rau tseem fwv saib ntsoov nws lem tag nrho cov tsheb nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm kev kawm ntawv: ua hauj lwm nruj me ntsis soj ntsuam txhua yam uas yuav tsum tau kawm thiab tau nyeem. Censorship yog brutal. Sau xov xwm tsis pub txawm yuav nco ntsoov lo lus "Constitution".

Nyob rau hauv kev ntseeg, nws yog kuj nyob ntsiag to, muaj ib co kam rau ua. Revived qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub Jesuits, Catholics saib xyuas kev kawm ntawv, thiab tsis tau tawm rau leej twg tsis muaj kev tso cai los ntawm tus huab tais ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Cov neeg Yudais tso tawm los ntawm lub ghetto, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv Vienna tau ua tsev pe hawm. Nws ces sawv nrog bankers Solomon Rothschild, ua phooj ywg nrog Metternich. Thiab txawm tau txais baronial title. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub - ib qho zoo kawg kev tshwm sim.

Qhov kawg ntawm ib tug muaj hwj huam loj

Lub txawv teb chaws txoj cai ntawm Austria rau lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua yog tag nrho ntawm setbacks. Nruam yeej nyob rau hauv kev tsov rog.

• Lub Crimean ua tsov ua rog (1853-1856).
• Austro-Prussian ua tsov ua rog (1866).
• Thawj Italian ua tsov ua rog ntawm Independence (1866).
• tsov rog nrog Sardinia thiab Fabkis (1859).

Thaum lub sij hawm no, muaj ib tug ntse so nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog Russia, ces tus creation ntawm lub North German Confederation. Tag nrho cov no coj mus rau lub fact tias cov Habsburgs poob lawv lub hwj lub tsoom fwv, tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees tab sis kuj thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Thiab - raws li ib tug tshwm sim - tus txheej xwm ntawm ib tug muaj hwj huam loj.