Amorphous cov ntaub ntawv. Crystalline thiab amorphous lub xeev ntawm teeb meem. Kev siv ntawm amorphous tshuaj

Muaj koj puas tau wondered li cas yog cov enigmatic amorphous tshuaj? Rau lawv yog structurally txawv los ntawm ob khoom thiab los ntawm cov kua. Lub fact tias xws li lub cev yog nyob rau hauv kev lub condensed lub xeev, muaj tsuas luv luv-ntau kev txiav txim. Piv txwv ntawm amorphous cov ntaub ntawv - cob, iav, amber, roj hmab, polyethylene, polyvinyl tshuaj dawb (PVC qhov rais peb nyiam), thiab lwm yam ntau polymers. Qhov no yog ib cov khoom lub cev, uas tsis muaj ib tug siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo. Tsis tau lawv muaj xws li ciab, ntau yam adhesives, nyuaj roj hmab thiab yas.

Lub txawv txawv thaj chaw ntawm amorphous tshuaj

Thaum lub sij hawm splitting nyob rau hauv amorphous lub cev tsis tsim ntsej muag. Hais heev sw thiab nyob ze rau txhua lwm yam. Lawv yuav ua tau heev tuab thiab khov. Yuav ua li cas lawv yog cuam tshuam los ntawm lwm influences? Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ntau yam lub cev kub yog ntws zoo li ib tug dej, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm heev ywj. Thaum lwm tus kev txiav txim ntawm luv luv ntev, lub amorphous qauv ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv haib yam tej zaum yuav phua rau hauv daim. Ntev tej yam los ntawm sab nraum ua rau lub fact tias lawv tsuas ntws.

Sim siv ib tug me ntsis xyaum ua tej yam nyob rau hauv tsev nrog rau cov kev siv cov cob. Muab nws nyob rau hauv ib tug nyuaj nto, thiab koj yuav pom hais tias nws pib ntws ntseeg nkaws. Qhov ntawd yog txoj cai, vim hais tias nws yog amorphous! Cov kev ceev nyob rau hauv lub kub ntsuas. Yog hais tias nws yuav ua tau siab heev, resin yuav pib ntws sai npaum li cas.

Yuav ua li cas lwm tus neeg yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tej lub cev? Lawv muaj peev xwm coj ib daim ntawv. Yog hais tias amorphous tshuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hais muab tso rau hauv ib tug me me txog ntsha, xws li ib tug lub tshob rau dej, lawv kuj siv rau hauv daim ntawm cov hlab. Tsis tau lawv yog isotropic, piv txwv li lawv muaj tib lub cev muaj zog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia.

Melting thiab hloov mus rau lwm lub xeev. Hlau thiab iav

Lub amorphous lub xeev ntawm teeb meem yog tsis npaj kom muaj ib tug tej yam kub. Thaum uas tsis muaj nqi khov lub cev nyob rau high school - yaj. Incidentally, nws nyob ntawm lub viscosity thiab cov neeg kawm ntawv xws li tshuaj. Tsis tshua muaj kub favors uas tsis muaj viscosity, siab, on qhov tsis tooj, nws tsub kom.

Rau tshuaj ntawm lub amorphous hom yuav tsum tau qhia ib tug ntau feature - kev hloov mus rau crystalline lub xeev, thiab txawj. Yog vim li cas yog no mas? Lub sab hauv lub zog nyob rau hauv lub cev yog tsawg npaum li cas crystalline tshaj amorphous. Peb yuav pom nyob rau hauv cov piv txwv ntawm cov iav khoom - cov iav yuav nws thiaj li ua npub.

Nws yog xim hlau iav - yog dab tsi? Hlau yuav tshem tawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo thaum lub sij hawm lub melting, i.e. ib tug amorphous tshuaj yuav ua rau ib tug glassy qauv. Thaum lub sij hawm ib tug solidification nrog cua txias dag siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo yog tsim dua. Amorphous hlau muaj ib tug zoo kawg li kuj mus corrosion. Piv txwv li, yuav ua rau nws ib lub cev ntawm lub tsheb yuav tsis tau yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm coatings, raws li yuav tau raug mus rau ib tug txawj tawg. Amorphous khoom yog ib lub cev uas nws atomic qauv muaj unprecedented zog, thiab chaw pib, amorphous hlau yuav tsum muaj ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv tej muaj sector kiag li.

Cov siv lead ua qauv ntawm tshuaj

Yuav kom zoo-versed nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau thiab muaj peev xwm mus ua hauj lwm nrog lawv, koj yuav tsum muaj kev txawj ntse ntawm tus siv lead ua qauv ntawm cov los yog lwm yam tshuaj. Qhuav ntawm hlau thiab metallurgy twb tsis tau tau xws li ib tug kev loj hlob, yog tias neeg tsis muaj tej kev paub txog cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv tus qauv ntawm lub alloys, cov txheej txheem kev kawm thiab ua hauj lwm zoo cov yam ntxwv.

Plaub lub xeev ntawm teeb meem

Nws yog zoo dua lub npe hu hais tias muaj plaub sau ua ib pawg kas: khoom, kua, gaseous, ntshav. Khoom amorphous tshuaj tej zaum yuav crystalline. Nrog xws li ib tug qauv tej zaum yuav ib tug spatial periodicity nyob rau hauv lub arrangement ntawm tus hais. Cov hais yog nyob rau hauv lub muaju yuav ua periodic motion. Tag nrho cov lub cev uas peb pom nyob rau hauv lub gaseous los yog kua hauv lub xeev, nws yog tau mus soj ntsuam cov lus tsa suab hais nyob rau hauv ib tug chaotic mess. Amorphous khib nyiab (e.g. co nyob rau hauv lub fused mob, ebonite, iav khoom, resins) yuav hu ua khov kua hom, vim hais tias lawv muaj ib tug kev hloov yuav pom daim ntawv xws yam ntxwv feature li viscosity.

Tsis zoo li amorphous ntaub ntawv los ntawm gases thiab kua

Txoj kev ua ntawm plasticity, elasticity, hardening thiab kev ua ntau lub cev. Lub crystalline thiab amorphous tshuaj muaj ntau muaj cov yam ntxwv, thaum lub kua thiab gases tsis muaj li zog. Tab sis koj yuav pom tias lawv pab txhawb kom muaj cov elastic ntim hloov.

Crystalline thiab amorphous cov ntaub ntawv. Neeg kho tshuab thiab lub zog

Yuav ua li cas yog cov crystalline thiab amorphous ntaub ntawv? Raws li hais saum toj no, amorphous tej zaum yuav hais cov lub cev uas muaj enormous viscosity, thiab thaum twg lawv yuav tsis zoo tib yam kub fluidity. Tab sis siab kub, on qhov tsis tooj, tso cai rau lawv yuav tsum tau ntws zoo li ib tug kua.

Sib txawv kiag li los ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntawm lub crystalline hom. Cov khib nyiab yuav muaj nws melting point, nyob ntawm seb cov sab nraud siab. Kev npaj ntawm muaju yog tau yog hais tias tus txias kua. Yog hais tias koj tsis noj tej yam kev ntsuas, peb yuav pom tias nyob rau hauv lub kua hauv lub xeev yog pib muaj ntau cov chaw ntawm crystallization. Lub cheeb tsam puag ncig cov chaw zov me, tus tsim ntawm ib tug khoom. Heev me me muaju pib sib txuas lus nrog txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv ib tug chaotic yam, thiab nws hloov tawm lub thiaj li hu ua polycrystalline. Xws li ib tug lub cev yog isotropic.

yam ntxwv tshuaj

Yuav ua li cas txiav txim rau lub cev thiab txhua yam khoom ntawm lub cev? Yog ib qho tseem ceeb atomic bonds, raws li zoo raws li lub hom uas siv lead ua qauv. ionic yam ntxwv muaju ionic bonds, uas txhais tau tias ib tus hloov mus los ntawm ib tug atom mus rau lwm lub. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus tsim ntawm zoo thiab tsis zoo them hais. Ionic daim ntawv cog lus, peb yuav pom tau ib tug piv txwv yooj yim - yog tus yam ntxwv peculiar mus rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm oxides thiab ntsev. Lwm feature ntawm ionic muaju - tsawg tshav kub conductivity, tab sis nws ua tau zoo yuav ho nce thaum rhuab. Nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo yuav pom ib tug ntau yam ntawm molecules uas txawv zog atomic daim ntawv cog lus.

Ib tug ntau ntawm cov zaub mov uas peb nrhiav tau qhov txhia chaw nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj ib tug crystalline qauv. Thiab amorphous lub xeev ntawm teeb meem - nws tseem yog lub qhov nyob rau hauv nws cov purest daim ntawv. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no rau hauv lub cev yog formless, tab sis cov muaju yuav siv rau hauv daim ntawm zoo nkauj polyhedra nrog muaj tiaj ntsej muag, raws li zoo raws li daim ntawv tshiab amazing kev zoo nkauj thiab kev coj dawb huv ntawm cov khib nyiab.

Yuav ua li cas yog muaju? Amorphous-crystalline qauv

Daim ntawv ntawm tej lub cev yog qhov rau ib tug muab kev twb kev txuas. Piv txwv li, beryl yeej ib txwm zoo li ib tug hexagonal plaub. Siv ib tug me ntsis xyaum ua tej yam. Siv ib tug me me siv lead ua ntawm sodium ntsev ntawm nyhav zoo (lub tais) thiab tso nws nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb tshuaj uas ntau li ntau tau ntawm tib ntsev. Thaum lub sij hawm, koj yuav pom hais tias lub cev tseem zoo li qub - nws dua coj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub voos xwmfab los yog ib tug kheej, uas yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv lub muaju ntawm ntsev.

Amorphous-crystalline tshuaj - cov lub cev, uas tej zaum yuav muaj tag nrho ob qho amorphous thiab crystalline theem. Yuav ua li cas muaj feem xyuam rau cov khoom thaj chaw ntawm xws li ib tug qauv? Mas ib tug txawv piv ntawm tagnrho thiab qhov chaw txawv nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau txhua tus lwm yam. Common piv txwv ntawm tej ntaub ntawv muaj xws li tej hub cov ntaub ntawv, iav, iav ceramics. Los ntawm lub rooj cov khoom uas muaj ntaub ntawv nrog amorphous-crystalline qauv yuav paub hais tias iav muaj lub siab tshaj plaws feem pua ntawm cov iav theem. Indicators ywj faj ywj fwm tsis pub dhau 40-60 whith feem pua. Lub qis tshaj cov ntsiab lus peb pom nyob rau hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm cov pob zeb casting - tsawg tshaj li 5 feem pua. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ntau dua qhov lub dej haum yuav muaj tej hub vuas.

Raws li yog lub npe hu, muaj ntaub ntawv xws li iav, tej hub pobzeb, pob zeb tais thiab iav-ceramics - yog amorphous-crystalline ntaub ntawv vim hais tias lawv muaj glassy theem thaum lub muaju nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov ntaub ntawv uas cov khoom yog cov ywj siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub khob theem.

amorphous co

Kev siv ntawm amorphous tshuaj feem ntau nquag ua nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob teb. Piv txwv li, sai txias hlau yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev phais. Vim lwm tsim tau, muaj coob tus neeg twb tau tsiv mus nws tus kheej tom qab mob loj heev raug mob. Qhov no yog hais tias cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntawm lub amorphous qauv yog ib qho zoo heev biomaterial rau implantation rau hauv cov pob txha. Cov uas ua tshwj xeeb screws, daim hlau, pins, pins siv nyob rau hauv mob loj heev cov pob txha lov. Yav tas los, nyob rau hauv kev phais rau tej hom phiaj tau siv steel thiab titanium. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd nws twb pom hais tias amorphous ntaub ntawv decompose heev maj mam nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab yog ib tug amazing feature yuav ua rau nws tau kom zoo rau cov pob txha. Tom qab, cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog hloov los ntawm cov pob txha.

Daim ntawv thov hom amorphous tshuaj nyob rau hauv metrology thiab precision mechanics

Precision mechanics yog raws li nyob rau hauv precision, thiab yog li ntawd yog hu ua. Ib tug tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam, raws li tau zoo raws li nyob rau hauv metrology, ua si ultra-leej ua tau zoo xab seev, qhov no pub rau cov kev siv ntawm pab kiag li lawm ntawm amorphous khib nyiab. Ua tsaug rau cov muaj tseeb ntsuam nqa tawm laboratory thiab kev tshawb fawb institutes nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm mechanics thiab physics, muaj zus tau tej cov khoom tshiab, kev txhim kho ntawm kev txawj ntse.

polymers

Lwm cov piv txwv ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm amorphous khoom - yog polymers. Tej zaum lawv yuav maj mam hloov los ntawm khoom ua kua, thaum lub crystalline polymers muaj ib tug melting point ntau dua li ib softening kub. Yuav ua li cas yog lub cev lub xeev ntawm amorphous polymers? Yog hais tias cov tshuaj muab ib tug tsawg kub, koj yuav pom hais tias lawv yuav nyob rau hauv ib tug glassy lub xeev thiab muaj lub thaj chaw ntawm cov khib nyiab. Sibtsoo cua kub muaj txhawb rau lub fact tias cov polymers pib mus rau hauv ib lub xeev uas muaj zog elasticity.

Amorphous cov ntaub ntawv, piv txwv uas peb yuav raug coj mus, yog siv feem nyob rau hauv kev lag luam. Superelasticity lub xeev tso cai polymers cas deformed, thiab hauv lub xeev no yog tiav vim lub zog ua yooj yim ntawm qhov cov kev mus thiab molecules. Ntxiv nce nyob rau hauv kub ua cov ntsuas hais tias ib tug polymer tau ua txawm ntau dua ywj zog. Nws pib tsiv mus nyob rau ib tug tshwj xeeb cov kua thiab khov xeev.

Yog hais tias koj tawm hauv qhov teeb meem no tsis muaj kev tswj, thiab tsis tiv thaiv kom txhob ntxiv nce nyob rau hauv kub, lub polymer yog raug kev puas tsuaj, uas yog kev puas tsuaj. Khov lub xeev ntawd hais tias tag nrho cov qhov chaw hauv lub macromolecules yog heev mobile. Thaum lub ntws polymer molecule, qhov cov kev mus tsis tau tsuas yog straightened, tab sis kuj ntau los ze zog mus rau txhua lwm yam. Intermolecular tej yam polymer puv mus rau hauv ib tug khoom khoom (roj hmab). Xws li ib tug txheej txheem no hu ua cov neeg kho tshuab vitrification. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muab siv rau zus tau tej cov films thiab fibers.

Raws li cov polymers yuav tsum npaj kom txhij polyamides, polyacrylonitriles. Yuav kom manufacture cov polymer zaj duab xis, nws yog tsim nyog los thawb lub polymer los ntawm spinnerets uas muaj ib tug qhov zoo li tus qhib, thiab muab tso rau hauv daim kab xev. Yog li manufactured ntim cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov qauv rau cov tapes. Polymers kuj muaj xws li ntau yam varnishes (txoj kev ua npuas ncauj nyob rau hauv ib tug organic kuab), adhesives, thiab lwm yam fastening cov ntaub ntawv thiab composites (puag cob nrog ib tug tub lim), yas.

Daim ntaub ntawv ntawm polymers

Qhov no hom ntawm amorphous tshuaj xav infiltrated rau hauv peb lub neej. Lawv siv qhov txhia chaw. Cov muaj xws li:

1. Ntau bases rau cov varnishes, adhesives, yas cov khoom (phenol formaldehyde cob).

2. elastomers los yog hluavtaws rubbers.

3. Insulating khoom - PVC, los yog tus naas ej yas PVC qhov rais. Nws yog resistant rau hluav taws, raws li nws yog suav tias yog nonflammable, muaj ib tug siab txhua yam muaj zog thiab insulating zog.

4. Polyamide - tshuaj muaj zoo heev zog, kuj hnav. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm siab dielectric yam ntxwv.

5. Plexiglass los yog polymethyl methacrylate. Peb yuav thov nws nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm hluav taws xob engineering, los yog siv raws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas rau kev tsim kho.

6. Teflon, los yog polytetrafluoroethylene, - tus paub insulator, uas tsis muaj lub thaj chaw ntawm dissolving nyob rau hauv cov organic solvents. Broad kub ntau, thiab zoo dielectric zog pub rau siv raws li ib tug hydrophobic los yog anti-kev sib txhuam cov khoom siv.

7. Polystyrene. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog tsis raug acids. Nws, raws li zoo raws li PTFE thiab Polyamide, tej zaum yuav ntshai ua ib insulator. Heev check tiv thaiv txhua yam kev cuam tshuam. Polystyrene yog siv lug. Piv txwv li, nws yog zoo tsim raws li ib tug yam ntxwv thiab insulating cov ntaub ntawv uas. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob thiab xov tooj cua engineering.

8. Tej zaum qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu polymer rau peb - nws yog polyethylene. Khoom teev kuj thaum raug txhoj puab heev tej kev kawm, nws yog kiag li tsis muaj dej. Yog hais tias lub pob yog ua los ntawm polyethylene, yuav tsis txhob ntshai hais tias tus txheem yuav deteriorate nyob rau hauv tus ntawm hnyav nag. Polyethylene - nws tseem yog ib qho insulator. Nws siv yog nws kim heev. Los ntawm nws yog ua tubular qauv, ib tug ntau yam ntawm hluav taws xob khoom, rwb thaiv tsev zaj duab xis, sheath cable xov tooj thiab lub hwj chim kab, qhov chaw rau xov tooj cua thiab lwm yam khoom.

9. PVC - yog ib tug high-polymer khoom. Nws yog ib tug hluavtaws thiab thermoplastic. Nws muaj cov qauv ntawm cov molecules uas asymmetric. Yuav luag yog dej thiab yog tsim los ntawm nias siv xuas nrig ntaus thiab los ntawm molding. Polyvinyl tshuaj dawb yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws xob kev lag luam. Lub hauv paus rau ntau yam ntawm insulating hlab thiab hoses rau tshuaj lom neeg kev tiv thaiv, lub roj teeb lub tsev txhab nyiaj, grommets thiab gaskets, hlau thiab cable. PVC kuj yog ib qho zoo heev hloov rau teeb meem lead. Nws yuav siv tsis tau raws li high-zaus circuits raws li dielectric. Thiab tag nrho vim rau qhov tseeb hais tias yuav muaj siab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub dielectric tsis tau zoo. Nws muaj ib tug high conductivity.