Alkanes: Tshuaj khoom

Nyeem hydrocarbons los yog paraffins, biosoedineniya yog cov neeg uas nws molecules ntawm carbon atoms yog kev cob cog rua yooj yim (tib) daim ntawv cog lus, thiab tag nrho lwm cov chav nyob valences yog nyeem los ntawm hydrogen atoms.

Alkanes: lub zog

Tus thawj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub homologous series ntawm methane - gases los ntawm S5N12 rau S15N32 - kua, txij li thaum S16N34 - khib nyiab. Nrog zuj zus ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms nyob rau hauv lub alkane molecule lawm kom lawv melting thiab kub cov ntsiab lus.

Tsis tshua muaj kub hydrocarbons nrog ib tug branched saw yog tsawg piv rau lub ib kub npau npau taw tes ntawm lawv isomers. Methane thiab ethane yog ntxhiab, nrov heev nthe kua hydrocarbons yog roj tsw (pentane thiab hexane) thiab kerosene, siab dua homologs ntawd muaj methane. Nyeem hydrocarbons yog sib zog dua dej, thiab xyaum insoluble nyob rau hauv nws. Nyeem hydrocarbons nkag soluble nyob rau hauv cov organic solvents, thiab kua alkanes lawv tus kheej yog zoo heev cov kuab tshuaj.

Alkanes: Tshuaj khoom

Rau cov biosoedineny yus muaj los ntawm cov uas tsis muaj reactivity. Lawv yog cov inert, uas yog tso tawm kom pom nyob rau hauv lawv lub npe - paraffins. Qhov no yog vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov molecules C thiab H atoms txuas sigma bonds. Cov tshuaj inertness ntawm cov tshuaj vim lawv molecular yam ntxwv nta. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua txhaum lub sigma daim ntawv cog lus, koj yuav tsum siv ib tug ntau ntawm lub zog. Basic tshuaj. thaj chaw ntawm alkanes, piv txwv li tshua nyob rau hauv uas lawv nkag mus, qhov no nitration cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, halogenation, sulfonation, sulfochlorination, ntes. Alkane radical tshua pib los ntawm radicals, UV los yog gamma tawg, peroxides, cua sov. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm ob hom tshuaj: cov kev hloov ntawm hydrogen nrog ib tug so kev twb kev txuas "carbon-hydrogen" thiab cleavage ntawm cov molecule nrog rupture ntawm cov C-C los yog C-H.

Alkanes: tshuaj zog. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm radical halogenation

Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tej thaum kuj hu metalepsiey. Nws yuav tau triggered thaum uas tshav ntuj. Qhov tsaus ntuj nti ntawm 250-400 ° C los yog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm catalysts (tooj liab chloride, tooj liab chloride, tin) halogen atoms sequentially lub hydrogen atoms nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me ntawm alkanes.

Alkanes: tshuaj zog. nitration cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Lub nitro pab pawg neeg yog yooj yim pawg rau hydrogen nyob rau hauv lub tertiary, theem nrab cev ntas thiab nyuaj heev mus rau cov thawj cov pa roj carbon atoms. Tam sim no muaj teev nitration ntawm alkanes yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv cov roj theem ntawm 150-490 ° C nrog nitric oxide los yog nitric acid vapors.

Alkanes: tshuaj zog. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm sulfochlorination

Nyob rau hauv lub nyeem hydrocarbons mus rau ib tug sib tov ntawm cov leej faj dioxide thiab chlorine. Catalysts feem ntau yog peroxides los yog UV tawg. Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog siv los tsim khoom cua detergents (detergents). Nyob rau alkilsulfohloridy yog alkalis uas ua rau yus mus rau tsim ntawm alkaline ntsev ntawm sulphonic acids, lub yam ntxwv Cheebtsam ntawm detergents (pastes, hmoov).

Nyeem hydrocarbons - raw khoom siv rau lub synthesis ntawm ntau yam organic tshuaj. Ib tug prerequisite rau lub synthesis ntawm ntau ntawm lawv yog cov kev npaj ntawm alkenes los ntawm alkanes, los yog unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Cleavage ntawm hydrogen los ntawm ib tug alkane molecule los yog dehydrogenation nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm catalysts thiab nyob rau hauv cov cua kub (460 ° C) tso cai rau kom muab tau qhov yuav tsum tau alkenes. Cov kev ntawm oxidation ntawm alkanes thaum uas tsis muaj kub nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm catalysts (magnesium ntsev). Qhov no tso cai rau lub tsom cawv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kom tau tus tsim nyog cov khoom ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj synthesis. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub oxidation ntawm ntau dua alkanes tau ntau yam dua alcohols los yog ntau dua fatty acids.

Alkanes cleavage kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lwm yam tej yam kev mob (kub, ntes). Nyeem hydrocarbons hlawv nrog ib tug xiav nplaim taws tso tawm loj heev nyiaj ntawm tshav kub. Cov zog pub rau siv rau lawv raws li high-calorie roj nyob rau hauv lub tsev thiab nyob rau hauv kev lag luam.