A. S. Pushkin, "Lub Bronze Horseman": lub keeb kwm ntawm creation ntawm cov paj huam

Cov paj huam "Lub Bronze Horseman" - yog ib qho ntawm feem intensive, mysterious thiab complex kwv huam ntawm Pushkin. Nws sau nyob rau hauv lub Autumn ntawm Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1833 nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov Boldin. Qhov no yog qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm muab ib tug txawv tshaj plaw kev tshoov siab Aleksandru Sergeevichu. Lub tswv yim ntawm "Lub Bronze Horseman" los ntawm Pushkin kom meej meej echoes tej hauj lwm ntawm neeg sau ntawv uas nyob ntau tom qab, thiab mob siab rau lawv cov creation nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw, lub ntsiab ntawm St. Petersburg, thiab tib ob, cov kev kawm kev sib tsoo loj majestic tswv yim thiab kev txaus siab ntawm lub "me txiv neej." Nyob rau hauv cov paj huam muaj ob opposing hero thiab irreconcilable teeb meem nruab nrab ntawm lawv.

"Lub Bronze Horseman": lub keeb kwm ntawm creation ntawm cov paj huam

Nyob rau hauv zaj paj huam, Pushkin ua hauj lwm nyuaj thiab tiav lawm nws heev sai sai - nyob rau hauv cia li nees nkaum-tsib hnub ntawm lub kaum hli ntuj. Thaum lub sij hawm no fruitful lub sij hawm ntawm creativity Alexander kuj ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv "tus poj huab tais of Spades," nws sau nyob rau hauv prose thiab nqe ntawm zaj dab neeg "Angelo". Cov organically haum thiab stunning "Lub Bronze Horseman", zaj dab neeg ntawm creation yog zoo txuas tsis tau tsuas yog muaj tseeb caijnyoog thiab ntaub ntawv lub era, tab sis kuj nrog cov mythology uas tau tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub zoo cov txiv neej thiab hauv lub nroog, los ntawm nws tus zoo tshaj plaws yuav.

Censorship thiab controversy lwm tus lub paj huam

"Petersburg dab neeg", raws li tus sau tau cim nws ib hom ntawv nyeem, censored huab tais Nicholas kuv, leej twg rov qab tus ntawv sau nrog cuaj mem hluav cim. Tag kev cia siab los ntawm tus kws sau paj lug luam tawm cov ntawv nyeem ntawm cov kev taw qhia rau cov paj huam "Lub Bronze Horseman" (keeb kwm ntawm lub poetic zaj dabneeg overshadowed los ntawm no qhov tseeb) nrog eloquent emptiness nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tsar tias. Tom qab ntawd, Pushkin tseem hloov cov chaw, tab sis yog li ntawd lub ntsiab lus nyob ruaj nrees hauv lawv tsis tau hloov. Wb, huab tais tso cai rau cov ntawv qhia ntawm lub paj huam "Lub Bronze Horseman". Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov khoom yog txuam nrog ib tug kub controversy flared nyob ib ncig ntawm zaj paj huam tom qab nws txais.

Tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm cov ntaub ntawv

Kev tsis txaus siab tsis tu tsis tseg rau hnub no. Feeb ntau, los tham txog qhov peb pab pawg ntawm cov neeg txhais lus ntawm cov paj huam. Cov thawj pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li soj ntsuam uas hais tias "pej xeem" nam, uas ci paj huam "Lub Bronze Horseman". Qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov zajlus critics, coj los ntawm Vissarion Belinsky muab rau pem hauv ntej lub version uas Pushkin lub paj huam tau muaj pov thawj kom neeg tuag taus rau hauv txoj cai ua tej xwm txheej ntawm lub teb chaws, pab cov kev txaus siab thiab lub neej nws tus kheej ib tug yooj yim unobtrusive txiv neej.

humanistic txhais

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm pab pawg neeg, coj los ntawm tus kws sau paj lug Valeriem Bryusovym, xib fwb Makagonenko thiab lwm tus sau phau, tag nrho mog nrog lwm tus ua cim - Eugene, thov hais tias txoj kev tuag ntawm txawm tias ib tug heev tseem ceeb txaus nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tib neeg muaj hwj chim tswv yim yuav tsis tau justified ntawm tus poj achievements. Qhov no saib yog hu ua humanistic. Muaj ntau phau ntawv critics yuav raws nraim ntsuam xyuas tus tshiab "Tus Bronze Horseman", zaj dab neeg txog cov paj huam, cov zajlus ntawm uas muab tso rau ib tug tus kheej kev txom nyem ntawm lub "me ntsis" tus neeg raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov kev tshwm sim ntawm volitional kev txiav txim siab hwj chim kabke.

nyob mus ib txhis teeb meem

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm peb pab pawg neeg soj ntsuam qhia txoj kev ntseeg system txog lub tragic undecidability ntawm qhov teeb meem. Lawv ntseeg tias Pushkin muab ib lub hom phiaj duab ntawm zaj dab neeg nyob rau hauv "Lub Bronze Horseman". Tab sis keeb kwm ntawm nws tus kheej tau txiav txim mus ib txhis teeb meem ntawm "lub builder ntawm lub miraculous" los ntawm Peter lub Great thiab "txom nyem" Eugene - zoo tib yam lub nroog dweller nrog nws txaj muag xav tau thiab tus npau suav. Ob tug tej yam tseeb uas - cov txiv neej thiab statesman - yog muaj sib npaug zos, thiab tsis muaj leej twg yog tsis tau zoo mus rau lwm yam.

Cov xwm txheej phem ntawm cov paj huam "Lub Bronze Horseman"

Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov paj huam, ntawm chav kawm, nrees fits rau hauv cov kev cai thiab keeb kwm cov ntsiab lus teb ntawm lub sij hawm thaum nws tau tsim. Qhov ntawd yog lub sij hawm mus hais lus cam txog qhov chaw ntawm tus neeg nyob rau hauv keeb kwm thiab cawv ntawm cov zoo hloov nyob rau hauv tus muaj hmoo zoo tib yam neeg. No lub ntsiab yog zoo siab heev Pushkin nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm 1820 tus. Noj cov documentary pov thawj ntawm cov dej nyab uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg Kaum ib hlis 7, 1824, nyob rau hauv tej luam ntawv xov xwm, ci ntsa iab kws sau paj lug thiab txawj xav los mus loj kev thiab philosophical kwvyees. Cwm pwm ntawm cov kuj zoo kawg thiab ci ntsa iab reformer Peter rau "muab tso rau Russia nyob rau hauv nws cov hind ob txhais ceg," zoo nkaus li nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus teb ntawm tus kheej kev txom nyem ntawm ib tug me nyuam hauj Eugene nrog nws nqaim petty-bourgeois npau suav ntawm nws me ntsis hmoov zoo, tsis yog raws li unequivocally kuj zoo kawg thiab tsim nyog ntawm chanting. Cov paj huam "Lub Bronze Horseman" los ntawm Pushkin thiab yog li ntawd tsis ceev qhuas odic tsav, qhib lub "qhov rais rau teb chaws Europe".

txawv Petersburg

Northern Capital sawv vim ib tug txhob txwm txiav txim ntawm Tsar Peter lub Great tom qab nws kov yeej lub Swedes. Nws puag twb npaj los txais yuav txoj kev yeej no, mus qhia lub dag lub zog thiab lub hwj chim ntawm Russia, thiab kuj yuav qhib txoj kev rau dawb lis kev cai thiab luam pauv nrog rau cov nyob sab Europe lub teb chaws. Lub nroog nyob rau hauv uas muaj cov greatness ntawm tus tib neeg ntsuj plig, manifested nyob rau hauv cov nruj thiab harmonious architectural tsos, hais lus piv txwv txog sculptures thiab monuments, yog hais rau peb nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg "Lub Bronze Horseman." Keeb kwm ntawm lub St. Petersburg raws li, txawm li cas los, tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub greatness. Ua tau rau lub "hav iav blat", uas nteg cov pob txha ntawm txhiab ntawm anonymous builders, lub nroog engulfed nyob rau hauv ib tug siab phem txaus ntshai thiab mysterious cua. Oppressive cov neeg txom nyem, siab lub neej no nqi, lub primacy ntawm tus kab mob thiab tus naj npawb ntawm suicides - uas yog lub lwm yam sab lush crowned lub peev thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm nws tau sau hais txog Alexander Pushkin. Ob lub ntsej muag ntawm lub nroog, emerges los ntawm ib leeg, ntxiv dag zog rau mythological tivthaiv ntawm cov paj huam. "Tshab twilight" daj ntseg nroog teeb pom kev zoo tsim lub inhabitants lub xav hais tias lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug tsi ntawm mysterious thiab leb qhov chaw, uas muaj peev xwm tuaj mus rau lub neej, thiab nrog ib tug siab phem txaus ntshai txiav txim kom tshem tau cov monuments thiab cov mlom. Thiab qhov no, dhau lawm, mus rau ib tug loj raws li yuav keeb kwm ntawm "Lub Bronze Horseman." Pushkin, raws li ib tug kws sau paj lug, yuav tsis tuav xws li ib tug transformation, uas tau ua lub culmination ntawm lub cuab ntxhiab. Nyob rau hauv lub kos duab hollow chaw tshiab ciaj sia bounding pavement txias suab puam ntawm bronze pej thuam chasing distraught tom qab tsis hlub thiab cev qhuav dej tag nrho cov miv nyuas Eugene.

nkag lub tswv yim

Tab sis ua ntej peb tau hnov lub shuddering ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv lub hoofs ntawm cov hlau nees, peb yuav tsum mus los ntawm lub tu siab thiab tsausmuag tej xwm txheej uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tsis muaj hmoo Yevgeny lub neej uas liam tus poj builders ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nws tau muab tso rau hauv lub nroog nyob rau teb chaws nws ntsoog loj heev dej nyab, raws li zoo raws li paub ib tug kaj thiab ib tug neeg pej xeem nrog nkag teb chaws, uas yuav qhib lub paj huam "lub Bronze Horseman".

Peter twb sawv rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm ib tug tsiaj qus dej, nyob rau hauv uas lub vuag co ntxias lis lub cev tsis kho lub nkoj, thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm nrov tuab tu siab heev tom hav zoov, qhov chaw lo tu siab heev hut "Chukhontsev". Tab sis lub siab lub qhov muag, tus tsim ntawm lub sab qaum teb capital twb pom "zoo kawg nkaus lub nroog", uas yog npaum li cas li "muaj nuj nqis" thiab "richly" tshaj-clad nyob rau hauv granite Neva dej, lub nroog uas txuam nrog rau yav tom ntej ntawm pej xeem txoj kev vam meej thiab kuj zoo kawg achievements. Pushkin tsis hais lub npe ntawm Peter - huab tais yog hais siv cov lus hais "nws", thiab nws yuav qhia ntau txog ambiguity odic nkag qauv. Nyob rau hauv xav txog yuav ua li cas muaj ib hnub twg "los ntawm no" Russia yuav "hem lub Swede," ib tug thawj coj zoo tsis pom niaj hnub no, "lub Finnish angler" uas txawb lub dej "laus" lawv vas. Huab tais pib mus ntsib ib tug yav tom ntej qhov chaw uas tsheb ncaj qha mus rau tus nplua nuj marinas los ntawm tag nrho cov ces kaum ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tab sis ho tsis pom leej twg uas ua luam dej ntsiag nyob rau hauv ib tug twm zeej lub nkoj thiab huddled nyob rau hauv uas tsis tshua muaj huts ntawm lub puam. Tsim ib lub xeev kav tsis nco qab txog cov neeg uas nws yog tsim. Thiab nws yog heev sib xws nourishes lub tswv yim ntawm cov paj huam "Lub Bronze Horseman". Pushkin, lub keeb kwm ntawm cov uas tsis yog cia li ib tug sau ntawm archival cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis ib tug choj, ces muab pov tseg nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej, tshwj xeeb yog keenly muaj thiab expressively qhia qhov teeb meem.

Vim li cas cov bronze rider nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus kws sau paj lug tooj liab?

Tus taw tes, ntawm chav kawm, tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub fact tias sau ntawv ntawm cov xyoo pua puv 19 tsis tau pom ib tug tseem ceeb semantic txawv ntawm bronze thiab tooj liab. Nws yog ib lub cim txog hais tias qhov no yog lub Bronze Horseman. Lub keeb kwm ntawm kev sau ntawv kwv huam nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no merges nrog biblical allegory. Nws yog tsis muaj kev huam yuaj li ntawd nws yog ib tug pej thuam ntawm Peter lub "mlom" thiab "mlom" - raws nraim tib yam lus hais sau phau ntawv hauv phau Vajlugkub, qhia ntawm lub thav nyuj kub ntawd, uas, es tsis txhob muaj sia nyob Vajtswv pehawm los ntawm cov neeg Yudais. Ntawm no, ib tug mlom twb tsis kub, tiam sis tsuas yog dag - yog li tus sau thiaj li brightness thiab lub yeeb koob ntawm daim duab, cov glittering txheej dazzling khoom kim heev, tab sis fraught sab hauv yog tsis muaj nuj nqis rau cov ntsiab lus. Hais tias yog dab tsi subtexts nqus pa rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm "Lub Bronze Horseman."

Pushkin tsis tau xav tias koj tu siab rau cov unconditional sovereign lub tswv yim. Yog tsis meej xwm, Txawm li cas los, thiab nws cov kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub zajlus idyll lub tsev nyob rau hauv Eugene npau suav. Cia Siab thiab kev npaj rau lub "me txiv neej" nyob deb ntawm qhov tob ntawm sab ntsuj plig quest, nyob rau hauv uas Pushkin pom lawv cov kev txwv.

Lub culmination ntawm lub cuab ntxhiab thiab denouement

Tom qab inking lub nkag teb chaws thiab tshaj tawm ntawm txoj kev hlub rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Pushkin ceeb toom hais tias ntau yuav tsum tau tham rau cov txheej xwm, "horrific." Ib tug puas xyoo tom qab cov kev tshwm sim nyob rau lub shores ntawm lub Gulf ntawm Finland Petersburg official Eugene rov qab los tsev tom qab cov kev pab cuam, thiab kev npau suav ntawm nws fiancée Parasha. Nrog nws, nws twb tsis destined mus saib, vim hais tias nws, xws li nws coj tus tsev, yuav nqa "frenzied" dej "raging" Neva. Thaum lub caij silenced, Eugene yuav muab pov rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm nws tus hlub, thiab nco ntsoov tias muaj ib tug yog tsis ciaj sia. Nws lub siab yuav tsis withstand tej yam, thiab ib tug tub hluas yuav vwm. Nws wanders lub nepriyutnomu nroog ua ib tug lub hom phiaj rau ridicule zos cov me nyuam, tsis nco qab txoj kev hauv tsev. Nyob rau hauv lawv tej teeb meem Eugene kaw Peter vozvedshego nroog nyob rau hauv lub tsis ncaj ncees lawm qhov chaw, thiab yog li raug cov neeg ntawm hauv ntiaj teb no txaus ntshai. Nyob rau hauv xav xav txais kev, ib tug madman threatens lub bronze mlom: "Uzho koj .." Tom qab uas kub lug conscience nws hnov hnyav thiab sonorous "skakane" rau cobblestones thiab pom nws sib xeem khiav caij nrog outstretched txhais tes. Tom qab ib co sij hawm, Eugene pom tuag nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws lub tsev thiab faus. Yog li xaus rau zaj paj huam.

Caij raws li ib tug tag nrho-fledged hero

Yuav ua li cas lub luag hauj lwm no yog ua si no los ntawm lub caij, uas yog kev ywj siab ntawm tib neeg yuav thiab yuav kom txhua yam mus rau hauv av? Soj ntsuam ntawm ntseeg hais tias zaj dab neeg uas paub faib cov neeg, nws txuas lub sij hawm ib co metaphorical causal saw. Nws combines ob ntawm daim zajlus ntawm zaj dab neeg - teb chaws thiab domestic - thiab symbolical kev tshwm sim. Ib tug teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab ciali mus rau awaken lub zog ntawm cov ntsiab, uas nyob rau hauv lwm cov nqe lus ntawm destiny txav thiab tiv thaiv cov kev zoo siab ntawm tus txiv neej. Daws teeb meem ntawm qhov teeb meem lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov kis ntawm tus greatness ntawm kuj zoo kawg hwj chim designs thiab sab ntsuj plig qhov chaw ntawm lub cwm pwm ntawm cov txiv neej twb kov yeej, nws kaw. Cov no yog cov teeb meem ntawm Pushkin tej hauj lwm "Cov Bronze Horseman", zaj dab neeg txog lub creation ntawm cov paj huam thiab thaum pib ntawm lub mystical series "St. Petersburg" dab neeg thiab novels uas yuav satiate lub creators ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub puas tawm thiab thib nees nkaum centuries.

Paj Huam thiab ib tug monument

Qhib ntawm lub monument rau Peter lub Great rau lub Senate Square nyob rau hauv St Petersburg coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub lig lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1782. Monument, ib qho impressive txoj kev tshav ntuj thiab grandeur, twb staged los ntawm Catherine II. Nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm ib tug Equestrian pej thuam ua hauj lwm Fabkis sculptor Eten Falkone, Marie-Ann Kollo thiab Lavxias teb sab tswv Fyodor Gordeyev sculpted bronze nab nyob rau hauv tsiv nees ko taw Petrova. Thaum tus taw ntawm lub pej thuam ntsia monolith, hu ua lub xob quaj-pob zeb, nws hnyav yog ib tug me ntsis tsawg tshaj li ob thiab ib tug ib nrab tonnes (tag nrho monument nyhav txog 22 tons). Nyob rau qhov chaw uas lub pob twb tshwm sim thiab kom tsis muaj haum rau ib tug monument, ib lub pob zeb ua tib zoo tsav tsheb rau txog plaub lub hlis.

Tom qab tus ntawv ntawm cov paj huam Aleksandra Pushkina, tus hero ntawm uas tus kws sau paj lug tau ua raws nraim no monument, ib tug duab puab npe hu ua cov Bronze Horseman. Cov pej xeem thiab qhua ntawm St. Petersburg muaj ib tug yawm sij hawm los saib no monument, uas muaj peev xwm tsis muaj exaggeration muab hu ua ib lub cim ntawm lub nroog, yuav luag lawm architectural khaub ncaws ntau.